PLANNING

MEANING :
Planning is the function that determines in
advance what to do , how to do and who is
to do it.
STEPS IN PLANNING
Identifying goals
Developing Planning Premises
Determine Alternative Courses of Action
Evaluate the Alternatives
Select a course of Action
Formulate derivative Plans
NATURE
Goal oriented
Primary function
Intellectual or rational process
Continuous Process
Forward looking
Involves choice
Directed towards goals efficiency
IMPORTANCE :
Focuses attention on objectives and results
Reduces uncertainty and risk
Provides sense of direction
Encourages innovation and creativity
Helps in coordination of activities
Guides decision making
Basis for decentralisation
Provides efficiency in operations.
STRATEGIC PLANNING
What is strategy ?
 Course of action that defines and achieves organizations
objectives and implements its missions.
What is Strategic Planning?
 Planning for strategies and implementing them to achieve
organizational goals.
Features :
 Process of questioning
 Time horizon
 Pervasive process
 Continuous process
 Co-ordination
ORGANISING
CONCEPT OF ORGANISATION
Organization as a Structure: refers to
network of relationships among jobs and
positions in the organization.

Organisation as a Process: refers to

process of determining ,arranging,
grouping and assigning the activities to
be performed.
FACTORS AFFECTING
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE
Environment
Strategy
Technology
Size
People
IMPORTANCE OF
ORGANISATION
Facilitates administration
Facilitates growth and diversification
Provides for optimum use of
technological improvements
Encourages human use of human beings
Stimulates Creativity
CONTROLLING
CONCEPT
Process of ensuring that activities
are producing desired results.
SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTROL
Guide to operations
Policy verification
Managerial accountability
Employee morale
Psychological pressure
Coordination in action
Organizational efficiency
STEPS/ELEMENTS IN
CONTROL
Establishment of standard: also includes level
of achievement of performance . This is based
on certain traits: output , expense, resources.
Measurement of performance: some
techniques are personal observation, sample
checking,performance report etc.
Comparing performance with standards: it
involves a) finding out the extent of deviation
b) identifying the causes of such deviations
Analysis of deviation: cases beyond the range
should be reported.
Taking corrective action: some techniques
include revising,correcting the standards.
SOME ESSENTIALS OF
EFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM
Focus on objectives and needs
Forward looking
Prompt
Strategic Point Control
Flexibility
Objectivity
Economical
Motivating
Suggestive
Simple
ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT OF VALUE
They are a framework comprising of
convictions.
They are based on the ethical and
unethical behaviour of the humans.
FACTORS IN VALUE
FORMATION
Value forming institutions
Organisational values
Peers and colleagues
Work and career
Professional code
BENEFITS OF PROFESSIONAL
CODE
Customers
Employees
Organization
Industry
Society