Why we use lighting

Help us find our way around, to assist visibility

Provide a safer environment
Increase the number of useful hours in the day
Help perform visual tasks, increase productivity
Display objects and / or control how they appear,
improve sales
Attract attention
Improve employee working conditions
Light
It is defined as the radiant energy from a hot
body which produces the visual sensation
upon the human eye.
Solid Angle

Luminous Flux (F)
It is defined as the total quantity of light energy
emitted per second from a luminous body.
Lumen
The lumen is the unit of luminous flux and is
defined as the amount of luminous flux given
out in a space represented by one unit of solid
angle by a source having an intensity of one
candle power in all direction.
Lumens = candle power * solid angle
Lumens = cp * w
Candle power
Candle power is the light radiating capacity of a
source in a given direction and is defined as
the number of lumens given out by the source
in a unit solid angle in a given direction.
i.e., cp=Lumens/ w
Illumination
When the light falls upon any surface, the
phenomenon is called illumination.
Lux or Metre Candle
It is the unit of illumination and is defined as the
luminous flux falling peer square metre on the
surface which is every where perpendicularto
the rays of light from a source of one candle
power and one metre awayfrom it.
Foot-Candle
It is unit of illumination and is defined as the
luminous flux falling per square metre on the
surface which is every where perpendicular to
the rays of light from a source of one candle
power and one foot away
from it.
Candela
It is the unit of luminous intensity. It is defined
as 1/60th of the luminous intensity per cm2 of
a black body radiator at the temperature of
solidification of platinum.
Mean Spherical Candle Power:
It is defined as the mean of candle powers in all
directions in all planes from source of light.
Mean Hemi Spherical Candle Power:
It is defined as the mean of candle in all directions
above orbelow the horizontal plane passing through
the source of light.
Mean Horizontal Candle Power:
it is defined as the mean of candle powers in all
directions in horizontal plane containing the source of
light.
Reduction Factor
Reduction factor of a source of light is the ratio
of its meanspherical candle power to its mean
horizontal candle power.
Lamp Efficiency:
It is defined as the ratio of the luminous flux to the power input.
Specific Consumption:
It is defined as the ratio of the input to the average candle power.
Brightness Or Luminance:
It is defined as the luminous intensity per unit projected area of either a surface
source of light or a reflecting surface and is denoted by L.
Glare:
it is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a character as to
cause annoyance,discomfort,interference with vision or eye fatigue.
Space Height Ratio:
It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent lamps and
height of their mountings
Utilisation Factor or Coefficient of Utilisation:
It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the
working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.
Maintenance Factor:
The ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are
perfectly clean is known as maintenance factor.
Depreciation Factor:
It is defined as the ratio of initial metre-candles to the
ultimate maintained metre-candles on the working
plane.
Waste Light Factor:
Whenever a surface is illuminated by a number of
sources of light, there is always a certain amount of
waste of light on account of overlapping and falling of
light outside the edges of the surface.
Absorption Factor:
The ratio of total lumens available after absorption to
the total lumens emitted by the source of light is called
the absorption factor.
Beam Factor:
The ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the
lumens given out by lamps is called Beam Factor
Reflection Factor:
The ratio of reflected light to the incident light is called
the reflection factor.
Solid Angle:
it is angle generated by the line passing through the
point in space and the periphery of the area.it is
denoted by W.
Steradian:
It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid
angle that subtends a surface on the sphere equivalent
to the square of the Radius.
Four terms are used to describe light:
Luminous Intensity (candela)
Luminous Flux (lumen)
Illuminance (lux)
Luminance (candela/m2)







Flux and luminosity

Luminosity A lamp produces light the total
amount of energy that a lamp puts out as light
each second is called its Luminosity.
Flux - If we have a light detector (eye, camera,
telescope) we can measure the light produced
by the lamp the total amount of energy
intercepted by the detector divided by the area of
the detector is called the Flux.
Flux and luminosity

To find the luminosity, we take a shell
which completely encloses the star and
measure all the light passing through the
shell
To find the flux, we take our detector at
some particular distance from the star and
measure the light passing only through the
detector. How bright a star looks to us is
determined by its flux, not its luminosity.
Brightness = Flux.

Brightness and Luminous Intensity

Intensity is often equated with how bright a
light appears, and was originally described using
light from a burning candle. Such standard
candles were used to define the candela, the
basic unit of luminous intensity. A small spot of
light like a candle (or an LED) may appear bright,
but not produce enough overall light to cover a
larger surface or illuminate a room very well.

Luminous Flux and Illuminance

Luminous flux, measured in lumens (lm), is typically
used to describe the total amount of light that a light
source produces in all directions. A lumen represents a
specific perceived amount of light, and takes into
account the sensitivity of the human eye (the eye is
more sensitive to green light and less sensitive to deep
red and deep blue/purple).


Illuminance is the amount of light incident on
a surface, measured in lumens per meter2
(lm/m2). The unit of illuminance is lux; 1 lux =
1 lm/m2. A typical handheld illuminance
meter measures lux (or foot-candles in English
units).

Illuminance = Lux = Light incident on a
surface. This is what you measure with an
illuminance meter; this is NOT luminous flux!

Flux vs. Illuminance

The difference between lumens and lux is
important. A focused LED can concentrate
light onto a small area, and the illuminance at
this point can be very high. But the total
lumen output (luminous flux) for the device
can still be very low because the light is only
emitted in a narrow angle.
Efficacy
Efficacy is a term used to describe the lighting
efficiency of an individual LED or an LED
system. Efficacy is measured in lumens (total
luminous flux) per watt, lm/w.










What is ISOTROPIC SOURCE?
Theoretical source which radiates all its
electromagnetic energy equally in all
directions.


Science Dictionary: What is ISOTROPIC
SOURCE? definition of ISOTROPIC SOURCE
(Science Dictionary)