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Telecommunications and Networks

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Learning Objectives

 Identifymajor developments and trends in the

industries, technologies, and business
applications of telecommunications and
Internet technologies.

 Identify
the basic components, functions, and
types of telecommunications networks used in
business.
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Section I

The Networked Enterprise

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Networking the Enterprise

 Networking business and employees

 Connecting them to customers,
suppliers, and other stakeholders.
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Trends in Telecommunications

 Industry
 More competitive
 More options for the firm

 Technology
 Unrestricted connectivity
 Easy access for end users
 Open systems
 Use common standards for hardware, software,
applications, & networking.
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Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

 Technology (continued)
 High degree of interoperability
 Digital networks
 Higher transmission speeds
 Moves larger amounts of information
 Greater economy
 Lower error rates
 Multiple types of communications on the same circuits
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Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

 Technology (continued)
 Fiber-optic lines & cellular, PCS, satellite & other wireless
technologies
 Faster transmission speeds
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Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

 Business applications
 Dramatic increase in the number of feasible
telecommunication applications.
 Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response
times, support e-commerce, improve
collaboration, share resources, lock in
customers & suppliers, & develop new products
& services
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The Internet

A network of networks
 Popular uses
 E-mail

 Instantmessaging
 Browsing the World Wide Web

 Newsgroups and chat rooms

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The Internet (continued)

 The business value of the Internet
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Intranets

 Withinan organization
 Uses Internet technologies

 Business value of Intranets

 Used for information sharing, communication,
collaboration, & support of business processes.
 Web publishing
 Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for
publishing & accessing multimedia business information
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Intranets (Portals)
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I.e. IBM WebSphere

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WebSphere (ctd)
 WebSphere Portal leverages the strengths of IBM
middleware, including:
 Lotus for advanced collaboration and expertise location
 Tivoli for role-based access to business systems
 IBM Data Management tools for fast data access (DB2)
 Commerce for business-to-business (B2B)and business-to-
consumer (B2C)
 IBM wireless and voice technologies
 IBM WebSphere Application Server as the foundation
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WebSphere (ctd)
EveryPlace Access
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Extranets

 Network links that use Internet

technologies to interconnect the firm’s
intranet with the intranets of customers,
suppliers, or other business partners
 Consultants,subcontractors, business
prospects, & others
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Extranets (continued)

 Business value
 Improve communication with customers
and business partners
 Gain competitive advantage in
 Product development
 Cost savings
 Marketing
 Distribution
 Leveraging their partnerships
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Section II

Telecommunications Network
Alternatives
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Telecommunications Network Alternatives

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A Telecommunications Network Model

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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)

 Consists of five basic components

 Terminals

 Any input/output device that uses

telecommunication networks to transmit or
receive data
 Telecommunication processors
 Support data transmission and reception
between terminals and computers
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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)

 Telecommunications channels
 The medium over which data are transmitted
and received
 Computers
 Interconnected by telecommunications networks
 Telecommunications control software
 Control telecommunications activities & manage
the functions of telecommunications networks
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

 Wide Area Networks (WAN)

 Cover a large geographic area.

 Local Area Networks (LAN)

 Connect computers & other information
processing devices within a limited physical
area.
 Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial
cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)

 Virtual Private Networks

A secure network that uses the Internet as
its main backbone network, but relies on
fire walls and other security features
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)

 Client/Server Networks
 Clients– end user PCs or NCs
 Server – helps with application processing

and also manages the network

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)
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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)

 Network computing
 “the network is the computer”
 Thin clients process small application programs
called “applets.”
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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
 Two major models
 Central server architecture
 Pure peer-to-peer
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Telecommunications Media

 Twisted-pair wire
 Coaxial cable
 Minimizes interference and
distortion
 Allows high-speed data
transmission
 Fiber optics
 Glass fiber that conducts
pulses of light generated by
lasers
 Size and weight reduction
 Increased speed and carrying
capacity
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Wireless Technologies

 Terrestrial Microwave
 Line-of-sight
path between relay stations
spaced approximately 30 miles apart.

 Communications Satellites
 Geosynchronous orbits
 Serve as relay stations for communications

signals transmitted from earth stations

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Wireless Technologies (continued)

 Cellular & PCS Systems

 Each cell is typically from one to several
square miles in area.
 Each cell has its own low-power transmitter

or radio relay antenna.

 Computers & other communications

processors coordinate & control the

transmissions to/from mobile users as they
move from one cell to another
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M-commerce

 Transactions and non-transaction functions

over wireless networks
 Growth due to:
 Newer and smaller technologies
 More mobile populations
 Deregulation of telecommunication markets
 Less costly infrastructure than wired alternative
 Slower to grow in US than Europe and Asia
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M-commerce

 Issues
 Relatively slow
transmission speeds
 Screen size

 Battery technology

 PDA and smart phone

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Cellular Networks

 Overlapping towers
 Signal picked up by closest tower and
transferred on
 AMPS standard (TACS in EUROPE)
 PCS and various alternative standards
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Wireless Application Protocol

 WAP forum
 WAP proxy server
 Issues in Web service
 Requires scaled down sites
 Low transmission speed

 Non-compatible WAP versions

 Lack of good WAP-enabled sites

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I-mode

 Wireless Internet service

 60% of Japanese market
 Why so popular?
 Lack of easy and based Internet access in Japan
 Lower PC penetration in Japan

 Extensive wireless coverage

 Returns money to website providers

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Personal Area Networks

 Connection of computer to peripherals or

other computers
 Connect PDA and desktop computer
 Several connection methods:
 Bluetooth (radio frequency – up to 300 feet)
 IrDA (Infrared) (cheap)

 Wireless LAN 802.11b – wireless Ethernet (more

reliable)
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New Generations of Wireless Networks

 3G network
 Broadband up to 2 Mbps
 Packet switched

 Combine prior incompatible system

(agreement on standards)
 Virtual home environment
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Telecommunications Processors

 Modems (modulation/demodulation)
 Changes signals from analog to digital and
back to analog

 Multiplexers
 Allows a single communication channel to
carry simultaneous data transmissions from
many terminals
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Telecommunications Processors
(continued)

 Internetwork Processors
 Switches

 Makes connections between telecomm circuits

so a message can reach its intended destination
 Router

 Interconnects networks based on different rules

or protocols
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Telecommunications Processors
(continued)

 Hub

 Port switching communications processor

 Gateway

 A processor that interconnects networks that

use different communications architecture
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Telecommunications Software

 Provides a variety of communications

support services including connecting &
disconnecting communications links &
establishing communications
parameters such as transmission
speed, mode, and direction.
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Telecommunications Software (continued)

 Network Management
 Trafficmanagement
 Security

 Network monitoring

 Capacity planning
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Network Topologies

 Star
 Tiesend user computers to a central computer
 Considered the least reliable

 Ring (sometimes called Token Ring)

 Ties local computer processors together in a ring
on a more equal basis.
 Considered more reliable & less costly
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Network Topologies (continued)

 Bus
 Local processors share the same bus, or
communications channel
 Tree is a variation which ties several bus

networks together
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Network Topologies (continued)

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Network Architectures & Protocols

 Protocols
A standard set of rules & procedures for the
control of communications in a network
 Standards for the physical characteristics of

cables and connectors

 Network Architecture
 Goal is to promote an open, simple, flexible,
efficient telecommunications environment
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Network Architectures and Protocols

(continued)

 OSI Model

 TCP/IP
 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
 Used by the Internet and all intranets and
extranets
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Bandwidth Alternatives

 Bandwidth is the frequency range of a

telecommunications network
 Determines the channel’s maximum
transmission rate
 Measured in bits per second (bps) or baud

 Narrow-band
 Low-speed transmission
 Broadband
 High-speed transmission
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Switched Networks

 Packet switched and circuit switched

 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
 Frame Relay
 Committed information rate
 Data bursts

 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

 Various speeds and scalability
 The Internet