MICRO AIR VEHICLE (MAV)

DESIGN
Presented by
Deepak Raj P.Y
USN No: 1VW11MAP01
MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Contents.!!
What is MAV?
Main sub systems.
Flight control & aerodynamics.
Propulsion system
System integration
MAV design based on animal
flight.
Biological inspiration to a
flapping vehicle.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
What is a MAV?
Multi functional, militarily
capable, small flight
vehicles.
Size should be less
than15cms.
To fly at Reynolds
numbers of less than 10.
Will weigh less than 90g.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Why MAVs? Why not something bigger?
Growing realization by military planners.
Real-time information and intelligence on
enemy strength, dispositions and tactics
essential for battlefield success.
MAVs represent a potentially inexpensive and
expendable platform for surveillance and data
collection in situations where larger vehicles
are not practical.
Direct connectivity
Can be individually controlled


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Applications..
Reconnaissance
Surveillance
Defence applications
Weather forecast
Wildlife study
&photography
Crowd control






Targeting
Border surveillance
Traffic monitoring
Tracking criminals &
illegal activities
Biochemical sensing
inspection of pipes

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
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Design Flowchart
MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Main sub systems
Flight Control.
Propulsion System.
Communication System.
Guidance & Navigation.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Flight Control & Aerodynamics
Completely different aerodynamics due to low
Reynolds number.
Reynolds no = inertia force/viscous force.
Flights may have lift to drag ratio of 5 to
10(conventional flights have these ratios 3 to 4
times higher).
Due to small size it needs to have high surface
to volume ratios to generate the required thrust.


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aspect ratio=WS/chord length ,or WS/total wing
area.
The best aspect ratios usually lie between 1&2.
Stability and control issues related to low weight
,small moment of inertia ,wind gusts also needs
to be addressed.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Active & Passive Control
Use strategies using MEMS to
improve aero dynamic
performance.
Create &install tiny sensors to
dynamically adjust
camber(curvature)and shape
depending on instantaneous
conditions.
miniature actuators can be
used to move the control
surfaces like rudders ailerons
and flaps.

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Piezo-electric material
Magnetic Actuator
MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Flow character over the wings could be
controlled by sensor arrays that detect shear
stresses or fluid vortices.
Flexible membranes or micro flaps to affect the
flow as required.
Exhausted air is directed out of the trailing edge
to prevent flow seperation, which also increases
lift.
Micro motors piezoelectric devices magneto
elastic ribbons are all alternatives for performing
the actuator function in a flight control system.
Processing these control systems may require
soft computational techniques like algorithms or
knowledge based systems.


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Wing Design & Fabrication
Rotary wings, fixed wings, or alternate flapping&
gliding wings could be employed

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Examples of
MAVs. (a)
Flexible fixed
wing; (b)
Rotary wing;
(c) Hybrid
flapping-
fixed wing,
using fixed
wing for
thrust
generation;
and (d)
Flapping
wing.
MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Flapping &gliding and inverse Zimmerman
proved to be most efficient.
Wing type depends on requirement.
Composite materials ,carbon fibre cloth
strips, carbon fibre-balsawood sand
witches are commonly used.
Single or double layer of carbon fibre cloth
wetted with epoxy resin.
Balsa wood for frame and carbon fibre
glass cloth for reinforcing critical areas like
leading edges and wing tips is a super
combination.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Propulsion System
Propulsion system alone consumes 90% of total
power.
Lithium alkaline batteries.
IC engines.
Pulse jet engines.

Micro jets.

Lithium battery that recharges using solar.
energy and fuel cells are also future prospects.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Communication System
A video/still camera, various sensors ,a micro
processor, transducers& an Omni directional
antennae are the major components.
Challenges are small antennae, restriction of
power available.
Based on the application either cellular
communication or satellite communication
could be employed.
CCD cameras and IR sensors, nuclear,
biological or chemical agent sensors, acoustic
sensors could be used.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Guidance & Navigation
Completely autonomous navigation system
needs to have the ability to use sensory data for
on board processing thus avoiding obstacles.
(complete dependence on remote is
undesirable)
A combination of GPS + inertial sensing is ideal
Geographical information system to provide a
map terrain for infrastructure would be great
Pressure sensors acting as altimeters,
accelerometers, low drift gyroscopes and also
systems capable of locating the MAVs position
with respect to the launch point form a part of
the inertial navigation system

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
System Integration
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
MAV design based on Animal Flight
Aerodynamics of animal flight.
Forces at each instant are modeled by the assumption
of inherently time independent fluid dynamic
mechanisms, then such a model is called quasi
steady.
The fluid flow around an insect wing is described by
the incompressible Navier stokes equation, given by


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aerodynamics of animal flight.
Measuring pressure field is difficult in the space around
the wing, therefore pressure term can be eliminated,
resulting in the equation.

Vorticity: if = 0 irrotational flow ->
Potential theory
To calculate aerodynamic forces, small vorticity
elements are integrated over the surface area around an
airfoil

The quantity on the left hand side is circulation


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aerodynamics of animal flight
Kutta condition and Circulation



Physical modeling of animal flight
Dynamic scaling should be done.
Results in several unsteady mechanisms
Wagner Effect
Clap and Fling
Delayed stall
Rotational lift
Wing wake interactions


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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aerodynamics of animal flight
WAGNER EFFECT
When an inclined wing starts
impulsively from rest, the circulation
around it does not immediately attain its
steady state value. Instead it raises
slowly.
This delay is a result of combination of
two phenomena.

Inherent latency in the viscous action
on the stagnation point and thus a
finite time before the establishment of
Kutta condition
Vorticity is generated and shed at the
trailing edge



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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aerodynamics of animal flight
CLAP AND FLING
Explains high lift generation
Combination of two separate
aerodynamics mechanisms, treated
independently
Clap Wings touch the dorsally
before they pronate to start the
down stroke the leading edges
of the wings touch each other
before the trailing edges.
Fling Wings pronate by leaving
the trailing edges stationary as
the leading edges fling apart

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Aerodynamics of animal
flight
DELAYED STALL
Separation of fluid flow over the
wing as the angle of attack
increases
The flow reattaches before it
reaches the trailing edge.
The wing translates at a higher
angle of attack, a greater
downward moment is imparted
to the fluid substantial
enhancement of lift.
Polhamus accounted for
enhancement of lift Leading
edge suction at low angles of
attack

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POLHAMUS LEADING EDGE SUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Biological inspiration to a Flapping wing vehicle





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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Structural concept for flexible wings
The MAV design, though it employs a fixed wing and propeller
arrangement, it also incorporates a very light flexible wing structure
that is to provide improved stall margins and flying qualities.
The wing layouts were developed from the photographs of
humming birds with their wings extended that were scaled to have
a wing length of 75mm.

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN








A humming bird in hovering flight illustrates the reversible
camber exhibited by its flexible wing structure

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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
How did we get the MAV weight?





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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
MAV flight regime compared with existing flight
vehicles
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Current MAV Problems
Short flight times
Low battery life
Control Issues
Unpredictable forces and
moments
Wind gusting
Limited space
Controls
Power source
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
Conclusion
This work studies an emerging body of multidisciplinary
knowledge in the area of biologically inspired micro-scale flight.
Understanding force generation on a flapping wing, though a
difficult feat, is only a beginning of our understanding of flapping
flight in nature as a whole.
The study of unsteady aerodynamics of a biological flight is
performed and various theories explaining unsteady mechanisms
are discussed.
The research activity, still in its infancy seeks to gain and apply an
understanding of natural fliers in the size range of the micro air
vehicle class
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MICRO AIR VEHICLE DESIGN
References
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Sanjay P. Sane, The Aerodynamics of Insect Flight - The Journal of
Experimental Biology 206, 4191-4208.
Mueller, T. J., "Low Reynolds Number Vehicles", AGARDograph No. 288,
1985
Lissaman, P. B. S., "Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils", Annual Review of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 15, 1983, pp. 223-239
Burgart, M., Miller, J., and Murphy, L., "Design of a Micro Air Vehicle for the
2000 MAV Competition", internal progress report, University of Notre Dame,
2000 ernet, 14 December 2000, available from
http://defencedata.com/f2000/ pagefa1006.htm.
Air Force 2A New Thrust in DERA Micro Air Vehicle Development, 24
July 2000, n.p.: On-line.
Int 025, August 1996, n.p.; On-line. Internet, 18 December 2000, available
from http://www.au.af.mil/au/2025/index2.htm.
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THANK YOU
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