CHAPTER 2

2.1 MATTER
Most of the things that
we could see in this world
are MATTER
What is matter?
Matter means:
- anything that occupies space &
has mass
- made up of tiny & discrete
particles
- Exist as element @ compound
Next
A pure substance which
cannot be broken down into
simpler substance physically
& chemically
Matter
Usually made up of
two or more elements
which are chemically
bonded together
Matter
1. Matter are made up of tiny &
discrete particles
2. Size of particles are very
minute ~~ 1x 10
-7
cm
3. Consist of atoms, molecules
ions
Next
Lets see the particles in
bromine liquid
Particle theory
The smallest particle of an element
and not breakable anymore.
Examples:
Atom of hydrogen
atom of magnesium
atom of oxygen
atom of chlorine
H
Mg
Cl
O
Particle theory
A group of two @ more atoms,
which might consist of:

one type of element (Element)

@ different types of element
(Compound)
Examples of element molecules:
Molecule of hydrogen gas

Molecule of oxygen gas

Molecule of chlorine gas
Examples of compound molecules:

Molecule of water, H
2
O

Molecule of ammonia, NH
3

Molecule of ethanol, C
2
H
5
OH

N
C C
Particle theory

Ions are atoms which have
charge
Positively-charged ion /cation (loss e
-
)
Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)
+
-
Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
Oxygen atom Oxide ion
Chlorine atom Chlorine ion
Particle theory
H
+
H
Lose electron
Mg
2+

Lose electron Mg
O
2
-

Gain electron
O
Cl
-

Gain electron
Cl
Symbol of element
Examples of ions:
Kinetic means motion (move)
Kinetic theory states that:
1. Matter consist of particles which
constantly moving

2. particles move in random motion ,
collide with each other
A. substance is cooled,
- particles lose kinetic energy
- move slower
B. substance is heated,
- particles gain kinetic energy
- move faster
Heat energy makes particles
move faster!!!
Experiment which supports
the kinetic theory:
Investigating the diffusion of
particles in a
solid, liquid and gas
What is diffusion ?

How diffusion supports the
kinetic theory ?
Diffusion happens anyway that
different concentration
of particles
Is the rate of diffusion
different in solid, liquid,
and gas state?
Lets get an experiment
to check it out!!!
Diffusion in Solid (membrane)
Diffusion in Liquid ( )
Diffusion in Gas (air)
Diffusion affected by Density
The conclusion is.
Diffusion happens in solid, liquid,
and gas states
Diffusion occurs slowest in solid,
faster in liquid and fastest in gas
Diffusion occurs faster in subtance
with lower density
Diffusion supports kinetic energy
The Physical States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
The Arrangement of Particles
The Shape & Volume of Particles
The Movement & Energy Content of
Particles
The Attraction Force
between Particles
The Physical Changes of Matter
Freezing
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Melting
Sublimation
Boiling
Condensation
Sublimation
Determine the
Melting Point of Naphthalene
Melting point
the temperature
which a solid
becomes liquid
Diagram of heating naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Solid naphthalene
Water
Heating curve of naphthalene
A
C
B
D
Temperature / C
Time / minute
79C
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
What is the Melting point?
A: 79C

What is the physical state at B-C?
A: solid and liquid

Where is point that Melting process started?
A: B

Where is point that Melting process ended?
A: C



graph apparatus
Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C?
A: because the heat energy absorbed by
naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces of
attraction to becomes liquid

Why solid naphthalene heated in water ?
A: to ensure a uniform heating

If the melting point of Substance X is 123C, can
we still use water as medium? Why?
A: No. Because its melting point is higher than
the boiling point of water. We can use oil bath to
replace water.
graph apparatus
Physical changes
Determine the
Freezing Point of Naphthalene
Freezing point the
temperature which a solution
becomes solid
Cooling curve of naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
79C
E
Temperature / C
G
H
Time / minute
F
Is the freezing point same with the Melting point?
A: Yes, both are 79C
What is the physical state change in this
experiment?
A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid
Where is the point that
freezing process started?
A: F
Where is the point that
freezing process ended?
A: G
Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G?
A: because the heat energy released during
formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to
surroundings

Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled
inside a conical flask?
A: to ensure a uniform cooling
Different solution has different
boiling point & freezing point
Diagram of cooling naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Liquid naphthalene
Empty conical flask
2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
The Historical Development Of
Atomic Models
John Dalton imagine atom as a
indivisible tiny ball
J.J. Thomson discovered electrons
Ernest Rutherford discovered proton,
mass of atom concentrated in nucleus
Neils Bohr proposed the electrons
move in shells around the nucleus
James Chadwick proved the existence
of neutrons

Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Proton
Electron
Neutron
Nucleus
of atom
Electron
shells
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n
Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0
Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0
Location in the
nucleus
atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0
Location in the
nucleus
atom
in the
nucleus
atom
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e
-

Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0
Location in the
nucleus
atom
in the
nucleus
atom
Electron
shells which
around the
nucleus atom
40

20
Ca
Nucleon number
Proton number
Symbol of Element
-When an atom is neutral , (1.refer ions)
its number of proton = e
-
- number of protons = 20
so number of elecrons = 20
- 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2
valence electron = 2
Symbol of element
3.Next
Electron Configuration
Also known as electron arrangement

How electrons fill into the shells?
Helium He
Proton number 2





2
Hydrogen H
Proton number 1





1
Lithium Li
Proton number 3





2 . 1
Beryllium Be
Proton number 4





2 . 2
Boron B
proton number 5






2 . 3
Carbon C
Proton number 6






2 . 4
Nitrogen N
Proton number 7






2 . 5
Oxygen O
Proton number 8






2 . 6
Fluorine F
Proton number 9







2 . 7
Neon Ne
Proton number 10







2 . 8
Sodium Na
Proton number 11







2 . 8 . 1
Magnesium Mg
Proton number 12








2 . 8 . 2
Aluminium Al
Proton number 13







2 . 8 . 3
Silicon Si
Proton number 14







2 . 8 . 4
Phosphorus P
Proton number 15







2 . 8 . 5
Sulphur S
Proton number 16







2 . 8 . 6
Chlorine Cl
Proton number 17







2 . 8 . 7
Argon Ar
Proton number 18







2 . 8 . 8
Potassium K
Proton number 19








2 . 8 . 8 . 1
Calcium Ca
Proton number 20








2 . 8 . 8 . 2
Conclusion:

1st Shell: max 2 e-
2nd Shell: max 8 e-
3rd Shell: max 8 e-
ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM
NUCLEUS
2 ELECTRONS
8 ELECTRONS
8 ELECTRONS
18 ELECTRONS
1
2
3
4
Electron arrangement in the
carbon atom
C
12

6
proton number = 6
number of protons = 6
number of electrons = 6
2 . 4
= electron
nucleus
Number of valence
electrons = 4
23

11
Na
2 . 8 . 1
number of protons = 11
proton number = 11
number of electrons = 11
= electron
Nucleus
Number of valence
electrons = 1
Symbol of element
Draw & state the electron arrangement of
the elements below
X
15

7
Y
24

12
Z
39

19



Proton number (p)
number of protons in the nucleus of atom

Nucleon number (p+n)
total number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of atom

3. Valence electron
the electrons in the outermost shell

4. Electron configuration
arrangement of electron
Repeat them !!



Proton number
number of protons in the nucleus of atom

Nucleon number
total number of protons and nucleons
in the nucleus of atom

Valence electron
the electrons in the outermost shell

Electron configuration
arrangement of electron
Try this out!!!


Elements Proton
Number
Nucleon
Number
Number
of
Neutrons
A 3 7
B 6 12
C 19 10
D 16 16
E 17 18
F 40 20
Q1 Fill in the blanks
Elements Proton
Number
Nucleon
Number
Number
of
Neutrons
A 3 7 4
B 6 12 6
C 9 19 10
D 16 32 16
E 17 35 18
F 20 40 20
Q1 Answers
Elements Number
of
Neutron
Nucleon
Number
Number
of
electrons
Electron
Configuration
A 5 9
B 8 2.6
C 19 2.7
D 14 2.8.3
E 32 16
F 20 40
Q2 Fill in the blanks
Elements Number
of
Neutron
Nucleon
Number
Number
of
electrons
Electron
Configuration
A 5 9 4 2.2
B 8 16 8 2.6
C 10 19 9 2.7
D 14 27 13 2.8.3
E 16 32 16 2.8.6
F 20 40 20 2.8.8.2
Q2 Answers
2.3 ISOTOPES
Isotopes is just like twins,
same genetic but different of DNA

atoms of the same element with
same number of protons but
different number of neutrons

What is isotopes?
Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table

Hydrogen :

Graphite :

Oxygen :

1

1


H
3

1


H
2

1


H
12

6

C
14

6

C
13

6
C
16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen :
1

1


H
2

1


H
3

1


H
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton
No of neutron
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 8
No of neutron
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 8 8
No of neutron
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 8 8 8
No of neutron
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-

e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16
e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16
e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e
-

16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e
-
6
16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e
-
6 6
16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Oxygen
Isotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e
-
16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e
-
6 6 6
16

8

O
18

8

O
17

8

O
Conclusion:
Number of valence electron are same
The chemical properties also same
The physical properties might be
same, might be different
Try this out!!!


Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number
P 3 7
Q 9 19
R 16 32
S 15 31
T 16 33
U 18 40
Q3. Answer the structure questions
a ) What means proton number?
A: The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom
b) What means nucleon number?
A: The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus
of an atom
c) Write the electron arrangement for element Q.
A: 2.7
d) How many valence electrons that element Q has?
A: 7
e) How many electron shells that element Q has?
A: two
40

18


U
f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain.
A: R & T.
Because they have same proton number but
different nucleon number
g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why?
A: Yes. Because they have same valence electron
h) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are
there in atom S?
A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons

i) Write the symbol to represent atom U.
A:
40

18


U