1

Ajay kumar.R
Suresh Raj.L
Satish vishwanathan.P
Nokesh babu.Y
B.E, Final Year Aeronautical Engg.
Internal guide:Mr.Prabhakaran
Department of Aeronautical Engineering
Gojan school of business and technology.
Design & Analysis of Wing Structure for Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle

Abstract
Scope of the Project Work is to carryout the Structural Design and
Analysis of the Wing Structure for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle of 500 Kg All
Up Weight Class. Wing has rectangular planform with the Wing Span of
9000 mm and 800 mm Chord. Different Structural Concepts and Material
including Composite Materials will be considered in the evaluation. The
objective of the design is the Least Weight of the Wing Structure with
Constrain of Strength, Stiffness, Displacement, Buckling Rigidity and
Frequency. The project will be carried out using the analytical procedure
for the sizing of the structure and then analysed using Finite Element
Analysis Software like ANSYS or NASTRAN
2
3
NACA Section 1408
(Stations and ordinates given
in per cent of airfoil chord)
Upper Surface Lower Surface
Station Ordinate Station Ordinate
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.5000 0.8729 0.5000 -0.7583
0.7500 1.0590 0.7500 -0.9240
1.2500 1.3553 1.2500 -1.1734
2.5000 1.8921 2.5000 -1.5982
5.0000 2.6273 5.0000 -2.1168
7.5000 3.1588 7.5000 -2.4456
10.0000 3.5746 10.0000 -2.6733
15.0000 4.1820 15.0000 -2.9482
20.0000 4.5799 20.0000 -3.0725
25.0000 4.8221 25.0000 -3.1009
30.0000 4.9390 30.0000 -3.0640
35.0000 4.9499 35.0000 -2.9818
40.0000 4.8687 40.0000 -2.8687
45.0000 4.7139 45.0000 -2.7271
50.0000 4.5025 50.0000 -2.5564
55.0000 4.2406 55.0000 -2.3629
60.0000 3.9332 60.0000 -2.1517
65.0000 3.5839 65.0000 -1.9266
70.0000 3.1956 70.0000 -1.6903
75.0000 2.7698 75.0000 -1.4447
80.0000 2.3076 80.0000 -1.1908
85.0000 1.8090 85.0000 -0.9286
90.0000 1.2733 90.0000 -0.6577
95.0000 0.6991 95.0000 -0.3768
100.0000 0.0843 100.0000 -0.0838
L.E. radius = 0.705 percent c
slope of mean line at LE = 0.0500
4
NACA Section 2408
(Stations and ordinates given
in per cent of airfoil chord)
Upper Surface Lower Surface
Station Ordinate Station Ordinate
0.0000 -0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.5000 0.9343 0.5000 -0.7053
0.7500 1.1313 0.7500 -0.8611
1.2500 1.4513 1.2500 -1.0877
2.5000 2.0451 2.5000 -1.4573
5.0000 2.8892 5.0000 -1.8683
7.5000 3.5220 7.5000 -2.0958
10.0000 4.0316 10.0000 -2.2290
15.0000 4.8039 15.0000 -2.3364
20.0000 5.3370 20.0000 -2.3223
25.0000 5.6848 25.0000 -2.2423
30.0000 5.8774 30.0000 -2.1274
35.0000 5.9341 35.0000 -1.9980
40.0000 5.8687 40.0000 -1.8687
45.0000 5.7074 45.0000 -1.7337
50.0000 5.4757 50.0000 -1.5835
55.0000 5.1798 55.0000 -1.4244
60.0000 4.8245 60.0000 -1.2615
65.0000 4.4134 65.0000 -1.0987
70.0000 3.9492 70.0000 -0.9387
75.0000 3.4336 75.0000 -0.7833
80.0000 2.8673 80.0000 -0.6336
85.0000 2.2505 85.0000 -0.4897
90.0000 1.5822 90.0000 -0.3511
95.0000 0.8611 95.0000 -0.2164
100.0000 0.0847 100.0000 -0.0837
L.E. radius = 0.705 percent c
slope of mean line at LE = 0.1000
A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a
structure, while ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those
caused by time-varying loads. A static analysis can, however, include
steady inertia loads (such as gravity and rotational velocity), and time-
varying loads that can be approximated as static equivalent loads (such
as the static equivalent wind and seismic loads commonly defined in
many building codes).

Static analysis determines the displacements, stresses, strains, and
forces in structures or components caused by loads that do not induce
significant inertia and damping effects. Steady loading and response
conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the structure's response
are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time.
5
Structural Static Analysis
Buckling analysis is a technique used to determine buckling loads
(critical loads at which a structure becomes unstable) and buckled
mode shapes (the characteristic shape associated with a structure's
buckled response).

Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
Nonlinear buckling analysis is usually the more accurate approach and
is therefore recommended for design or evaluation of actual structures.

Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength
(the bifurcation point) of an ideal linear elastic structure.
6
Buckling Analysis
Modal analysis is a process of describing a structure in terms of its
natural characteristics of its dynamic properties frequency, damping
and mode shapes.
Frequency Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating
event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency. The
period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is
the reciprocal of the frequency.
Damping damping is any effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of
oscillations in an oscillatory system.
Mode Shapes a mode shape describes the expected curvature (or
displacement) of a surface vibrating at a particular mode. To determine
the vibration of a system, the mode shape is multiplied by a function
that varies with time, thus the mode shape always describes the
curvature of vibration at all points in time, but the magnitude of the
curvature will change. The mode Shape is dependent on the shape of
the surface as well as the boundary conditions of that surface.

7
Modal Analysis
Allows the design to avoid resonant vibrations or to vibrate at a
specified frequency.

Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different
types of dynamic loads.

Helps in calculating solution controls (time steps, etc.) for other
dynamic analyses.

Recommendation: A structures vibration characteristics determine
how it responds to any type of dynamic load, so always perform a
modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic analysis.
8
Benefits of modal analysis
Every analysis involves four main steps:
Preliminary Decisions
Which analysis type?
What to model?
Which element type?
Preprocessing
Define Material
Create or import the model geometry
Mesh the geometry
Solution
Apply loads
Solve
Postprocessing
Review results
Check the validity of the solution
Preprocessing
Solution
Postprocessing
Preliminary
Decisions
General Analysis Procedure
9
10
1. Could you explain modal analysis for me?
Experimental modal analysis
Fast Fourier Transformation
11
Experimental modal analysis
12
Experimental modal analysis
2. Just what are these measurements that are called FRFs?
Frequency Response Function (FRF) = Output Response / Applied Force

Output response may be displacement, velocity or acceleration.

Observed time domain converted into FRF using Fast Fourier Transform
algorithm.
13
Experimental modal analysis
3. Why is only one row or column of the FRF matrix needed?
FRF matrix is a symmetric matrix, denoted by h
out,in
or h
row,column

h
11
h
12
h
13
h
21
h
22
h
23
h
31
h
32
h
33
h
12
= h
21
h
13
= h
31
h
23
= h
32

This is called reciprocity.
Only one row or column of values is enough to obtain the mode shape.
14
Experimental modal analysis
3. Why is only one row or column of the FRF matrix needed?
15
Experimental modal analysis
4. Whats the difference between a shaker test and an impact test?
Impact test: measuring one of the rows of FRF matrix.
Shaker test: measuring one of the columns of FRF matrix.
Theoretically no difference between the two.


Impact test Shaker test
16
Experimental modal analysis
5. What are the biggest things to think about when testing?
1. Selection of hammer tip.
2. Selection of windows to reduce the leakages.
17
Experimental modal analysis
6. So how do I get mode shapes from the plate FRFs?
Using mathematical algorithms and other
technique called curvefitting implemented
Using computer software to extract the data.
18
Experimental modal analysis
7. Is there any difference between a modal test with a shaker
excitation or impact excitation?
Theoretically no difference since h
ij
= h
ji
, but practically differs.
Impact is better than Shaker. Roving of accelerometer may be a
problem on light weight structures and chances of mode shapes to be
affected.
Impact test Shaker test
19
Experimental modal analysis
8. Are you sure you can mode shapes from one row or column of
the H matrix?
The amplitudes are proportional to the shapes of the structure. Since Hij is
symmetric matrix, one row or column of H matrix is enough to get the mode
shapes.
Waterfall plot of the imaginary part of 15
measurements taken on the structure
show all the three measurements in colour.
20
Experimental modal analysis
9. How many points are enough when running a modal test?
A sufficient number of points to uniquely identify the mode is necessary.
21
Experimental modal analysis
10. What are some of the most important things to consider when
impact testing?
Selection of hammer tip, trigger delay and double impacts.
22
Experimental modal analysis
11. Can the test setup have an effect on the measured modal data?
Do the setup boundary conditions and accelerometers have an
effect?
There is no doubt that the test setup, setup boundary conditions and
accelerometers have an effect on the measured modal data.
23
Experimental modal analysis
12. Is there any real advantage to MIMO testing? Why not just use
SISO and then move the shaker?
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) testing has many advantages
over Single Input Single Output (SISO) testing when compared with
the collected data. Better and consistent data of FRF can be
obtained from MIMO.
24
Experimental modal analysis
13. What are some of the major mistakes people make in modal
tests so I dont make the same ones?
Impact testing and coherence.
Reference location at the node of a mode.
Mass loading effects on the measured FRFs.
Double impact and force windows.
Averaging using a different point for each average.
Co-ordinate systems and point / direction information.
Finite element models arent always correct.
Measurement process to acquire correct FRFs.
25
Experimental modal analysis
14. Is it really necessary to reject a double impact? Are they really
a problem?
It is good to avoid double impacts at all cost to be safe. It is not a
problem if the input force spectrum, frequency response spectrum
and coherence are all acceptable.
26
Experimental modal analysis
15. I ran a modal test on a portion of a structure of concern and
many modes look the same! What did I do wrong?
It may look similar but it is not true. It can be found different when the
modal test is done for the entire system.
27
Experimental modal analysis
16. We talked about the number of points needed for a model test
before. Someone told me that the entire shape may not need to be
completely defined.
In order to have an adequate dynamic modes, there must be points
to describe
All DOFs where forces are applied to the system.
All DOFs where response needs to be measured.
All DOFs where structural modifications are considered.
28
Experimental modal analysis
17. Do I need to have an accelerometer mounted in the x, y and z
directions to do a modal test?
There is some preconceived notion to do in all the three directions.
This is not necessary but in some cases it may be strongly advised or
even required.
29
Experimental modal analysis
18. Do mode shapes of a plate have any particular predetermined
order?
There is no such predetermined order for the mode shapes. The
simple fact is that the frequency and mode shape sequence is due to
the mass and stiffness distribution of the structural configuration and
not due to anything else.
30
Experimental modal analysis
19. What is the difference between all the mode indicator
functions? What do they all do?
SUM Summation Function.
MIF Mode Indicator Function.
MMIF Multivariate MIF.
CMIF Complex Mode Indicator Function.
Stability Diagram.
All these are used to indicate all the closely spaced modes.
31
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods in ANSYS
Several mode extraction methods are available in ANSYS:
Block Lanczos (default)
Subspace
PowerDynamics
Reduced
Unsymmetric
Damped (full)
QR Damped

Which method you choose depends primarily on the model size
(relative to your computer resources) and the particular
application.
32
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Block Lanczos
The Block Lanczos method is recommended for most
applications.
Efficient extraction of large number of modes (40+) in most
models
Typically used in complex models with mixture of
solids/shells/beams etc.
Efficient extraction of modes in a frequency range
Handles rigid-body modes well
33
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Subspace
When extracting a small number of modes (<40) in similar size
models, the subspace method can be more suitable.
Requires relatively less memory but large diskspace
May have convergence problems when rigid body modes
are present.
Not recommended when constraint equations are present.
Generally superseded by Block Lanczos
34
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods PowerDynamics
For large (100K+ DOF) models and a small number of modes
(< 20), use the PowerDynamics method. It can be significantly
faster than Block Lanczos or Subspace, but:
Requires large amount of memory.
May not converge with poorly shaped elements or an ill-
conditioned matrix.
May miss modes (No Sturm sequence check)
Recommended only as a last resort for large models.
35
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Reduced
For models in which lumping mass does not create a local
oscillation, typically beams and spars, use the Reduced method.
Memory and disk requirements are low.
In general fastest eigen solver
Employs matrix reduction, a technique to reduce the size of
[K] and [M] by selecting a subset of DOF called master DOF.
Reduction of [K] is exact but [M] loses some accuracy
Accuracy of [M] depends on number and location of master
DOF.
Generally not recommended due to
Expertise required in picking master DOF
Efficient alternatives such as Block Lanczos
reduced cost of hardware
36
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Unsymmetric
The unsymmetric method is used for acoustics (with structural
coupling) and other such applications with unsymmetric [K] and
[M].
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Real part is the natural frequency.
Imaginary part indicates stability - negative means
stable, positive means unstable.
37
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Damped
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, but if its effects
are significant, the Damped method is used.
Typical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic
damping effects are important.
Two ANSYS elements, BEAM4 and PIPE16, allow
gyroscopic effects to be specified in the form of real constant
SPIN (rotational speed, radians/time).
Calculates complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors:
Imaginary part is the natural frequency.
Real part indicates stability - negative means stable,
positive means unstable.
38
Modal analysis using ANSYS
Mode Extraction Methods Q-R damped
A second mode extraction method that considers damping effects
is the Q-R Damped method.
Faster and more stable than the existing Damped Solver
Works with poorly conditioned models
All forms of damping allowed including damper elements
Combines the best features of the real eigensolution
method (Block Lanczos) and the Complex Hessenberg
method (QR Algorithm)
Outputs complex eigenvalues ( frequency and stability) and
damping ratio of each mode
Supports the use of a material dependent damping ratio
[MP,DMPR] in a subsequent mode superposition harmonic
analysis
39