HYDRO ELECTRIC ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC ENERGY


ADVANTAGE OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
1. Rainfall and Run-off

2. Storage

3.Hydraulic System / Hydro Mechanical Equipment.

4. Power Station

5.Transformers
6. Switchgears/ Circuit Breakers
7. Operation .
8. Economics.
6. Pumped Storage .
TYPICAL VIEW OF A POWER PLANT
TYPES OF TURBINES
FUNCTION OF HYDRO TURBINE

SPECIFIC SPEED (Ns)



LIMITING FACTORS

OVERCOMING OF LIMITING FACTORS

L.B MW RPM Specific Speed (Ns)
121.92 m 90 166.7 145
COMPARISON
1. BHAKRA
R.B MW RPM Specific Speed (Ns)
121.92 m 120 187.5 190
2. GRAND COULEE PH-III
MW Head RPM Specific Speed (Ns)
600 87 m 72 210
MW Head RPM Specific Speed (Ns)
700 87 m 85.7 270
CAVITATION
Static Pressure Less Than Vapour Pressure
Create Void or Cavity
Flow Continues Down Stream :
Static Pressure Rise
At an Instant Static Pressure more than
vapour pressure
Collapse of Void or Cavity on the Blade
Surface
Repeated Water Hammer
CAVITATION : Spongy Like Appearance
Air Bubble
Water
PELTON TURBINE
HORIZONTAL PELTON TURBINE
VERTICAL PELTON TURBINE
PELTON TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE
RUNNER
REGULATING
RING
SERVO MOTORS
G.V LINK &
LEVER
GUIDE VANES
STAY VANES
SPIRAL CASING
FRANCIS TURBINE

KAPLAN /PROPELLER TURBINE
KAPLAN TURBINE

BULB/TUBULAR/TIDAL TURBINE
BULB TURBINE

REVERSIBLE PUMP TURBINE
REVERSIBLE PUMP TURBINE

Factor Governing Selection of Turbines
1.SPECIFIC SPEED AND HEAD


TURBINES SPECIFIC SPEED
(mhp-m)
HEAD RANGE
(Meters)

PELTON


15-60

ABOVE 200

FRANCIS


80-400

30-600

KAPLAN


300-800

10-80

BULB/TUBULAR


600-1200

3-25


TURBINES SETTING EXCAVATION

PELTON


ABOVE MAX.TWL

LOW

FRANCIS


+1m To -5m

Medium

KAPLAN/ BULB


-3m TO -10m

Higher
2.TURBINE SETTING


TURBINES Minimum Output
(% of Full Load)

PELTON


25-50

FRANCIS


50

KAPLAN / BULB


30
3.PART LOAD OPERATION.


TURBINES LIMITATION

PELTON


RUNNER

FRANCIS


RUNNER /
SPLIT/CAST FAB.

KAPLAN


NOT CRITICAL
4.TRANSPORT OF EQUIPMENT .




5. TRANSIENT PARAMETERS


TURBINES Pressure Rise (%) Speed Rise (%)

PELTON


15-30

15-45


FRANCIS &
Deriaz


30-40

35-50

KAPLAN


30-50

35-65

BULB/TUBULAR


30-50

45-90
6.REPAIR OF EQUIPMENT.

KAPLAN TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

PELTON TURBINE

Comparison Between Francis Type & Pelton Type Hydro Turbines
Francis Turbine

1. Better Peak Efficiency
2. Safe operation zone is 100% to 60%
Load.
3. At Load below 60% Noise vibration
and pressure pulsations have been
observed resulting in fall in efficiency
4. Higher speed rise ,pressure rise.
5. Susceptible to presence of silt in
water ,the components under water
get eroded resulting in fall in
efficiency ,increased vibrations Noise
and cavitations.
6. Elaborate maintenance requirement.
7. For maintenance of parts underwater
complete dismantling of turbine and
generator is required.
8. Overall cost less.
9. P.H Shall be smaller.

Pelton Turbine

1. Better Efficiency at part loads.
2. Safe operation zone is 100% to 25%
Load.
3. Safe operation at lower loads without
appreciable fall in efficiency. It can be
further improved by operating with
less the numbers of nozzles.
4. Low speed rise ,pressure rise.
5. Even after Erosion the efficiency
remains more or less same.
6. Maintenance requirements are less.
7. The parts can be refitted without
dismantling other components of
Turbine and generator.
8. Overall cost more.
9. P.H Shall be Bigger.