introduction

Chapter 5:
Operational Amplifiers
introduction
Introduction
The operational amplifier or op-amp is a circuit of
components integrated into one chip.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages
and has an inverting(-) and a non-inverting input
(+) and an output.
An op amp is an electronic device which provides
a voltage output based on the voltage input
introduction
Basic op-amp
Op-amp has two inputs that connect to two terminals
and one output
introduction
Operational Amplifiers
Five important pins

2 The inverting input
3 The non-inverting input
6 The output
4 The negative power supply V
-
(-Vcc)
7 The positive power supply V
+
(+Vcc)
introduction
Operational Amplifiers

The output of the op amp is given by the following
equation:



V
d
= E
1
E
2
and V
o
= A
VOL
(V
d
)



A
VOL
is called the open-loop voltage gain because it
is the gain of the op amp without any external feedback
from output to input
introduction
Operational Amplifiers
- Positive Saturation
where the output
voltage exceeds the
positive power input

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
- Linear Region
where the output
voltage is linear
based on A (gain)

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
- Negative Saturation
where the output
voltage would be less
than the negative
power input

introduction
Operational Amplifiers
introduction
What do they really look like?
introduction
IC Circuit
introduction
Operational Amplifiers
introduction
Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp has infinite gain and bandwidth,
we know this is impossible.
However, op-amps do have:
very high gain
very high input impedance(Z
in
= )
very low output impedance (Z
out
= 0)
wide bandwidth.
application
Application in op-amp
There are 2 types of application in op-amp
Linear application
Non-linear application
Linear application is where the op-amp operate
in linear region:
Assumptions in linear application:
Input current, I
i
= 0
Input voltage: V
+
=V
-
Feedback at the inverting input
application
Non-linear application is where the op-amp
operate in non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages:
positive input voltages, V
+
and negative input
voltage, V
-
where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
EE
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Application in op-amp
application
Applications of op-amp
Comparator (Pembanding)
Inverter (Penukar)
Audio amplifier (Penguat Audio)
Difference Amplifier (Penguat Beza)
Filter (Penapis)
Summing Amplifier (Penguat Jumlahan)
application
Op-amp Circuit Application
Penguat menyongsang
Penguat tidak menyongsang
Penambah menyongsang
Pengikut voltan
Penguat penolak
Penguat instrumentasi
Pengamil
Pengkerbezaan
application
Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Unity Follower
Difference Amplifier
Integrators
Differentiators


Op-amp Circuit Application
application:inverting amplifier
Application: Inverting amplifier
Provide a constant gain multiplier
Input signal is connected to the inverting input of the op-
amp. Therefore, the output signal is 180 degree out of
phase from the input signal
R
f
is the feed-back resistor to control the voltage gain of
the op-amp
application:inverting amplifier
Summary of op-amp behavior
V
o
= A(V
+
- V

)
V
o
/A = V
+
- V

Let A infinity
then,
V
+
- V

0
application:inverting amplifier
V
+
= V


I
+
= I

= 0
Seems strange, but the input terminals to an
op-amp act as a short and open at the same time
Summary of op-amp behavior
application:inverting amplifier
To analyze an op-amp circuit for linear
operation
Write node equations at + and - terminals
(I
i
=I
+
= I
-

= 0)
Set V
+
= V
-
Solve for V
o

application:inverting amplifier
Analysis of inverting amplifier
I
1
I
f
I
i

V
+
= 0 I
i
= 0
I
1
= I
f
+ I
i
V
s
V

R
1
=
V

V
o
R
f
V

= V
+
= 0
V
o
V
s
=
R
f
R
1
V
o
=
R
f
R
1
V
s
application:non-inverting amplifier
Application:Non-inverting amplifier
Non-inverting configuration
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

=
+ =
= =

+
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
0
;
0
:
; 0
:
R
R
V V
R
V V
R
V
V V insert
R
V V
R
V
so
I while
I I I
KCL use
V V V
i o
o i i
i
o
i
i
i
Vi
I
1
I
2
I
i
application:summing amplifier
Application: Summing amplifier
Virtual-ground equivalent circuit.
Summing Amplifier
V
1

V
2

V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
This circuit is called
a weighted summer
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

= + + =

=
+ = + +
= =

+
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
; 0
:
; 0
:
0
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
V insert
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
so
I while
I I I I I
KCL use
V V
f o
f
o
f
o
i
Rf i R R R
application:unity-follower
Application: Unity Follower(Pengikut Voltan)
1
V V
O
=
application:difference amplifier
Application:
Difference amplifier (Penguat Penolak)
) (
2 1
2
4
V V
R
R
V
O
=
4 3
2 1
R R
R R
=
=
application:instrumentation amplifier
Application:
Instrumentation Amplifier (Penguat Instrumentasi)
2
R
Buffer
(Penimbal)
2
R
1
R
1
R
A
R
B
R
A
R
Difference amplifier
( )
1 2
1
2
2
1 V V
R
R
R
R
V
B
A
O

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
R
application:integrator
Application:Integrator (Pengamil)
Feedback component = capacitor : Integrator
I I
C
}
=
+ =
+ =
dt t v
RC
t v
dt
t dv
C
R
t v
I I I
i o
i
C i
) (
1
) (
) (
0
) (
0
sC
1
C j
1
X
: impedance ce tan Capaci
C
=
e
=
application:differentiator
Application:
Differentiation (Pengkerbezaan)
dt
t dv
RC t v
R
t v V
dt
t dv
C
I I
i
o
o i
R C
) (
) (
) ( ) (
=

=
=

exercise
Exercise 1
Find V
O
?
exercise
Exercise 2
Find V
2
and V
3
?
exercise
Exercise 3
Find V
O
?
exercise
Exercise 4
Find V
O
?
non-linear application
Non-linear application is where the op-amp
operate in non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages:
positive input voltages, V
+
and negative input
voltage, V
-
where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
CC
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Recall: Non-linear application in op-amp
non-linear application:comparator
Non-linear application:
Comparator (Pembanding)
non-linear application:comparator
Non-linear application:
Comparator (Pembanding)
V
o
(V)
10
-5
t
V
S
(V)
t
Compare V
+
and V
-
V
+
=0
V
-
=V
S

When:
V
S
>0,V
+
>V
-
so V
o
=10V
V
S
<0,V
+
<V
-
so V
o
=-5V
(b) Output Voltage of Comparator
(a) Input Voltage of Comparator
non-linear application:schmitt trigger
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger (Pemicu Schmitt)
-
+
O
f
V
R R
R
V
+
=
+
1
1
Positive Feedback
non-linear application:schmitt trigger
V V
V t V V
and V V state initial with
V V V and R R assume
V
R R
R
V
S
o
EE CC f
O
f
5 . 7 ) 15 (
2
1
sin 10
15
15
1
1
1
= =
= =
=
= = =
+
=
+

+
e
Non-linear application
Schmitt Trigger (Pemicu Schmitt)
V
o
(V)
15
-15
t
V
S
(V)
t
7.5
-7.5
V
o
(V)
V
S
(V)
-7.5 7.5 -10 10
15
-15
(a) Transfer Characteristic of Schmitt Trigger
(c) Output Voltage of Schmitt Trigger
(b) Input Voltage of Schmitt Trigger