STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

FOR

By,
Group – 5
Phase - 1
Chirag Patel
Vijay Garchar
Bhavin Patel
2
 What Will You Gain From
This Presentation?

 General knowledge of Composite Construction.

 Knowledge about the details of composite steel-

concrete construction, the components that are used,
and how they are installed.

 An understanding of the impacts that composite

steel-concrete construction may have on project
schedule, cost, sequence and overall management.

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 Benefits of Composite
Construction In Tall Structures

 Most effective utilization of material

Concrete Compression
Steel Tension
 Provide more working space
 Better Seismic Resistance
 Faster construction
 Cost effectiveness
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 Some Unique Aspects of
Composite Construction

• Steel Sections are fabricated off-site (above left).

• On-site erection is a rapid process (above right).
 This gives use of some scheduling advantages. 5
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FOR

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 Composite
Gravity Systems

Composite Floor Composite

Systems Columns
• Metal Deck
• Beams
Linked via shear
• Trusses connectors to a
• Shear Connectors concrete floor
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• Stub girders
Composite Floor Systems

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Composite Gravity System

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Metal Deck

Composite
Floor sheets
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 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

• By fully mechanized, high-speed cold rolling process

• Depth 1 1/2, 2 and 3 in. (38,51 and 76 mm)
• Thickness up to 19 mm
Corrugations
• Weight from 24 N/m2 to 431 N/m2

Embossments
Ridges or Lugs
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 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck
Installation of Decking

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 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

• Puddle welds (above right) are commonly used to attach

the decking to the structural steel below
• Daily output for a four person decking crew ranges from
2700 S.F. to 3860 S.F. per day depending on the depth
and gauge of the decking 14
 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

• As an alternative to welding, powder actuated tools

may be used to attach metal decking to structural steel
• Powder actuated tools use the expanding gases from
a powder load, or booster, to drive a fastener
• A nail-like fastener is driven through the metal deck
into the steel beam
• The powder actuated tool, powder load, and fastener
must be matched to the thickness of the structural
steel beam flanges 15
 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

Mechanical Interlock

Frictional Interlock

End anchorage

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 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

Shear Connectors

Nominal
Reinforcement
(Welded Wire Fabric)
4 # @ 40 cm c/c 17
 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

Connecting the concrete to the steel

beams can have several advantages:

• It is typical to have a • Shallower beams may be

reduced structural used which might reduce
steel frame cost building height
• Weight of the structural • Increased span lengths
steel frame may be are possible
decreased which may
reduce foundation • Stiffer floors
costs
• Reduced live load
deflections 18
 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck
SDI Specifications
• Minimum yield point of metal deck is 227.5 MPa
• Minimum compressive strength of concrete shall be
20.68 MPa.
• Admixture containing chloride salts is prohibited.
• Bending stress is limited to 0.6 times the yield strength
of steel.
• Deflection based on the weight of concrete is limited to
the L/180 or 19 mm.
• Minimum bearing of 33 mm is specified for proper deck
seating on supports and at sides.
• Max. average spacing of 12 in. (305 mm) for puddle
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welds.
 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

Testing

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 Composite Floor Systems
Metal Deck

Analysis

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

Continuous Composite Beam 24

 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

Strain - Stress Diagram 25

 Composite Floor Systems

 Beams
Cambering

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

Cambering is the
process of
creating an
intentional slight
curvature in a
beam.

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

• Camber in a beam can be designed to compensate for either:

 A certain percentage of the dead load deflection
 The full dead load deflection
 The full dead load deflection as well as a percentage of the live load
deflection

• Camber is usually designed to compensate for

deflections caused by pre-composite dead loads 28
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Advantage of Cambering

• Supporting beams will deflect under the load of concrete being placed.
• This deflection can be exaggerated in a composite floor system where the full
strength of the system is not achieved until the concrete has cured
• Cambered beams (top diagram above) should deflect to a straight line (bottom
diagram above), if load and deflection are predicted accurately and camber
equals deflection 29
• This allows the floor slab to be flat while maintaining a consistent thickness
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

• If beams are not cambered (top diagram above) the deflection under the load
of the wet (plastic) concrete will result in a ponding effect in the concrete
(bottom diagram above) .
• To create a flat floor in this situation the concrete will need to be thicker at the
center of the bay where the deflection is the greatest .
• The volume of concrete used will typically be 10-15% more than if the floor is a
constant thickness. (ASCE 2002)30
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

• The use of cambered beams will, to a certain degree, be limited by other

aspects of the design for a structure
• Due to the complexity in detailing, fabrication, and fit-up associated with
moment connections (above left), camber should not be used in moment
connected beams
• Beams with simple framing connections (above right) may be cambered
because the end rotational resistance of a simple connection is small31in
comparison to that of a moment connection
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Disadvantage of Cambering

• Care needs to be taken in the specification and fabrication of camber to ensure

that a beam, once in place and under load, will perform within tolerances
• Levelness and consistent floor thickness can be a problem (ASCE 2002)
• The diagrams above show two possible results of cambered beams not
deflecting as predicted under the load of the wet (plastic) concrete
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1. Stud heads are exposed 2. Top of slab elevation out of tolerance
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

Alternative methods for

achieving a level floor slab
without using cambered
beams include:

• Pouring a slab of Shoring

varying thickness over
deflecting beams Concrete At
• Using over-sized 75% Strength
beams to minimize
deflection
• Shore the beams
before placing the 33
concrete
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
When to Camber

• Girder Beams • Filler Beams

• Members with uniform cross section • Composite Floor Beams
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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
When not Camber

• Moment Connected Beams • Spandrel Beams (above right)

• Cantilevered Beams (above left) • Braced Beams (above right)

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

• Beam with moment connections • Beam under 20 feet length

(above right) (above right)
• Beams with non-symmetrical • Beams with end plate
loading connections 36
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Heat Cambering

• Beams may be cambered by applying heat to

small wedge-shaped areas at specific
increments along the beam (Ricker 1989)
• The beam is place upside down on supports
so the “bottom” flange can be heated
• The heated flange expands under the heat
and contracts as it cools
• Camber is induced in the opposite side of the
beam as the heated flange cools

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Cold Cambering

• Cold cambering methods are

more widely used and generally
more economical than heat
cambering
• The beam is mounted in a frame
and force from a ram(s) is used to
bend the beam to create camber

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Forms of Incorporating Services within Structural Depth

Beam with Openings

Castellated Beam

Truss
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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

Beams with web openings

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Beams with web openings
• In order to accommodate large service ducts within the
structural depth, thus reducing the ceiling to floor zone,
large holes are sometimes required through the webs of
beams. If these are not too large (say, not greater than
0.6D nor longer than 1.5D), holes without horizontal
stiffening may be made provided of course that the
remaining web has adequate shear resistance. If larger
holes are necessary, stiffeners in the form of
horizontal plates welded above and below the hole
should be provided.
• An alternative to providing customised holes at required
locations in a rolled beam is to use a castellated or cellular
beam. 41
 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Castellated Beams
• Castellated beams can be used effectively for lightly serviced buildings or
for aesthetic reasons, where the structure is exposed. Composite action
does not significantly increase the resistance of the beams but increases
their stiffness.

• Castellated beams have limited shear resistance and are best used as long
span secondary beams or where loads are relatively low.

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Trusses

• Composite trusses were developed in North America

and are popular for spans of 10 to 20m.

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Trusses

Typical Truss
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 Composite Floor Systems

 Trusses

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 Composite Floor Systems
Trusses
Advantages
• They do not require any special fabrication equipment.
• They offer plenty of space to accommodate services.
• They can be designed with a Vierendeel Panels at mid
span (where shears are low even under non-symmetric
loading); this panel can accommodate an air
conditioning duct.

Disadvantages
• The principal disadvantage, other than the increased
fabrication cost, is that they are difficult to protect from
fire.
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 Composite Floor Systems
Trusses

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams
Haunched Beams
• Beams are about 20% heavier compared to a rigidly jointed frame but
columns are typically 40% lighter, and connection costs are significantly
reduced. This "heavy beam/light column" structure makes economic sense
when the weight of the beams is similar to that of the columns.

• Haunched beams are generally designed by forming a rigid moment

connection between the beams and columns. The extra service zone created
beneath the beam between the haunches, offers flexibility in service layout.

• At edge columns, it would not be normal practice to develop additional

continuity through the slab reinforcement; this, however, is an option at internal
columns. This form of construction can be used for sway frames, i.e.
where vertical bracing or concrete shear walls or cores are not provided.

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems
Beams

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Shear Connectors
• Shear connectors are essential for
steel concrete composite
construction as they integrate the
compression capacity of
supported concrete slab with
supporting steel beams /
girders to improve the load
carrying capacity as well as
overall rigidity.

• Shear Connectors are designed to,

 Transmit longitudinal shear along the interface.

 Prevent separation of steel beam and concrete slab at the interface.
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 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

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 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

Types of Shear Connectors

• Rigid Shear Connectors
• Flexible Shear Connectors
• Anchorage Shear Connectors

Shear connectors to fulfils number of requirements, as follows:

• They must transfer direct shear at their base.

• They must create a tensile link into the concrete.
• They must be economic to manufacture and fix.
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 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

Deformation of Flexible
Connectors
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 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

• The electrical arc process is commonly used for stud welding

 An arc is drawn between the stud and the base metal
 The stud is plunged into the molten steel which is contained by the ceramic
ferrule
 The metal solidifies and the weld is complete
• The ferrules are removed before the concrete is poured 58
 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

• Depending on the welding process used, the tip of

the shear connector may be placed in a ceramic
ferrule (arc shield) during welding to retain the weld.
• Shear connectors create a strong bond between the
steel beam and the concrete floor slab which is
poured on top of the metal decking.
• This bond allows the concrete slab to work with the
steel beams to reduce live load deflection. 59
 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors

As Per
IS 11384 : 1985

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 Composite Floor Systems
Shear Connectors
Alternative Forms of Connection

Shot fire Connector

Friction grip Connector

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Stub Girders

• The system was devised in North America in the 1970s

and is described in detail by Chien and Ritchie (1984,
1992).

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 Composite Floor Systems

 Stub Girders
F lo o r

S t u b w e ld e d t o C o m p o s it e
b o tto m c h o rd se c o n d a ry b e a m
S e r v ic e z o n e

F lo o r
M a in d u c t s
C o n t in u o u s r ib s

D is t r ib u t io n d u c t s 63
 Composite Floor Systems

 Stub Girders

• Architectural demand for square column grids with

spacing of 10 to 12 m led to the development of stub
girder construction.

• The stub girder comprises a bottom chord, which acts

in tension, and a series of short beam sections (or
stubs) which connect the bottom chord to the concrete
slab. Secondary beams span across the bottom
chord and can be designed as continuous members.
Voids are created adjacent to the stubs for services.

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 Composite Floor Systems
Stub Girders

• The major disadvantage of the conventional stub

girder is that it requires temporary propping until
the concrete has gained adequate strength for
composite action. However, it is possible to introduce
a light steel top chord, such as a T-section, which acts
in compression, to develop the required bending
resistance of the girder during execution.

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 Composite Floor Systems
Stub Girders

Stub Girder

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 Composite Floor Systems
Stub Girders

Long Span Stub Girder Grillage

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Animation
 Composite System
Construction Animation

Nail-like fastener is driven

Shear
throughConnectors
the metal deck into
the steel beam
Installation of Concrete
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 Composite System
Construction Animation

Nail-like fastener is driven

Shear
throughConnectors
the metal deck into
the steel beam
Installation of Concrete
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 Composite System
Construction Animation

Nail-like fastener is driven

Shear
throughConnectors
the metal deck into
the steel beam
Installation of Concrete
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 Composite System
Construction Animation

Nail-like fastener is driven

Shear
throughConnectors
the metal deck into
the steel beam
Installation of Concrete
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 Composite
Gravity Systems

Composite Floor Composite

Systems Columns
• Metal Deck
• Prismatic or Haunched Beams
• Shear Connectors
• Trusses
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• Stub girders
 Composite Columns

 Composite Columns
• A steel composite column is a compression
member, comprising either a concrete encased
hot – rolled steel section or a concrete filled
tubular section of hot- rolled steel and is
generally used as a load – bearing member in
a composite framed structure.
• Both steel section and concrete resist external
loading by interacting together through
chemical bond and friction, or by the use of
mechanical shear connectors in particular
situation.
• Additional reinforcement in concrete
encasement prevents excessive spalling of
concrete both under normal load and fire
condition. 73
 Composite Columns

 Composite Columns

Typical c/s of partially concrete encased sections

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 Composite Columns
Columns

Typical c/s of Fully concrete encased sections

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 Composite Columns
Columns

Stress distribution of the plastic resistance to

compression of an encased I section

Aa. fy α c. Ac.( 0.80*( fck )cu ) As. fsk

Pp = γa + γc +
γs
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 Composite Columns
Columns

Concrete filled steel

column

Cheung Kong Center

- Hong Kong

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 Composite Columns
Columns

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 Composite Columns
Columns

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 Composite Connection
Connections
Internal & external semi-rigid beam/column connection

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 Composite Connection
Connections
Composite beam to concrete surface connection

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 FOR

Earthquake
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