Drug formulation

Dosage forms or
pharmaceutical preparation
 Drug formulation
 Why to use different formulation
 Types of dosage forms
 Composition of each dosage form
Why to use different formulation?

 The physical nature of the drug

 Drug size
 Drug solubility
 Drug taste
 Drug absorption, first pass effect
 Drug side effects
 Drug half life
 Site of disease or infection
 Patient compliance
 Drug
forms

Solid Liquid Semi-solid Others

dosage dosage dosage Nasal
forms forms forms Inhalational
 Solid
dosage
forms

Tablets Capsules Lozenges Powders

I-Solid dosage forms

 Capsules, sustained-release capsules, tablets,

pills, are used to divide a drug or mixture of
drugs into definite doses and avoid the
inconvenience of preparing the dose from dry
powders.
 Tablets are a convenient way of giving drugs
that have an unpleasant taste
 Capsules
 the most popular dosage forms for the oral
administration of powders, oils, and liquid
 They dissolve readily in the stomach and make the

contents available for absorption only slightly less quickly

than a liquid medicament
 Are usually made of gelatin and may be hard or soft

- Hard gelatin capsule : contains powder

- Soft gelatin capsule : contains Liquids
Gelatin capsules may be coated with a substance that
resists the action of gastric juice and so will not
disintegrate until they reach the alkaline secretions of the
intestine. Such capsules are said to be ‘enteric coated
Tablets
 Tablets are preparations of powdered drug that are
compressed or molded into small disks.
 They may be made with or without a diluent
(dextrose, lactose, starch),
 And they may differ greatly in size, weight, and shape.
 Compressed tablets are made with heavy machinery.
Tablets
 Compressed tablets usually contain in addition to the
drug a
 Diluents, are used when the amount of active

ingredient is small
 A binder are substances that give adhesiveness to

the powdered drug.

 A disintegrator , such a starch, helps the tablet to

dissolve readily when it is placed in water, because

the starch expands when it gets wet
 and a lubricant keep the tablet from sticking to the

machines
 Tablets

 Tablets are sometimes scored (marked with an

indented line across the surface) so-that they can be
broken easily if half a tablet is the dose required.
 Tablets may be coated with sugar or chocolate to
enhance their palatability.
 They may be covered with a colored coating to make
them more attractive to patients, easier to swallow,
or identifiable by the use of distinctive colors.
 Both tablets and capsules may be enteric coated,
 to protect the drug from the effect of the gastric secretions
 to prevent drug irritation of the gastric mucosa
Tablets

 Normal tablets
 Effervescent
 Chewable
 Delayed release
 Film coated
 Sugar coated
Sustained-release dosage forms
 Dosage forms providing for gradual but continued
release of drug .
 Sustained-release dosage forms contain small
particles of the drug coated with materials that require
a varying amount of time to dissolve.. This provides for
a long continuous period of absorption and effect.
Some particles dissolve and-are absorbed almost
immediately, others require 2 or 3 hours
Lozenges

 Troches or lozenges are flat, round, or rectangular preparations

that are held in the mouth until they dissolve, liberating the drug
or drugs involved.
 They usually contain water, sugar, and a mucilage in addition
to the drug and are dried in hot air.
 They temporarily produce a high concentration of the drug in
the oral cavity.
 They are held in the mouth until entirely dissolved.
Pills

 Pills are mixtures of a drug or drugs with some

cohesive materials.
 The mass is molded into globular, oval, or
flattened bodies convenient for swallowing.
 They have been replaced to a great extent by
capsules and tablets.
Powders

 Powders are finely divided solid drugs or

mixtures of drugs for internal or external use.
 Dusting powders

 Granules

 Sachets
Chewable Tablets
Effervescent Tablets
Capsules
Pills
II-Liquid dosage forms

 Solutions ((‫محـلول‬
 Aqueous solutions have one or more substances dissolved in
water. Examples are strong iodine solution (Lugol's Solution),
epinephrine nasal solution
 Syrups
 For their demulcent(soothing) effect on irritated membranes
of the throat e.g Promethazina hydrochloride syrup
 Suspensions ( ‫)معلق‬
 are defined as preparations of finely divided drugs either
intended for suspension or already in suspension in some
suitable liquid vehicle
Liquid dosage forms

 Emulsions ( (‫مستحلب‬
 are suspensions of fats or oils in water with the aid of an,
emulsifying agent, which lowers the interfacial tension between
the two susbtances, masking its oily feel.
 These oils are more easily digested than undispersed oils.
Emulsions are stabilized by agents such as acacia and gelatin,
which coat the tiny droplets of oil and prevent them from
coming in direct contact with water.
 An example is cod liver oil emulsion
Liquid dosage forms
 Elixirs ( (‫اكسـير‬
 are aromatic, sweetened, alcoholic preparations,
frequently used as flavored vehicles, such as
aromatic elixir, or as active medicinal agents if they
are medicated elixirs, such as phenobarbital elixir.
Liquid dosage forms

Liquid forms are composed of

 Solvents

 Sweeting agents

 Flavouring and colouring agent

 Stabilisers

 Preservatives and antioxidant

Liquid dosage forms
 -Drops
eye (ophthalmic ) – ear (otic) – nose
(Nasal) – oral (commonly for infants)
 - Paints (‫)دهان‬

 Lotions (‫)غسول‬

 -Tinctures (‫)صبغة‬

• -Sprays

- nasal – oral - local

Liquid dosage forms
 -Ampoules and the like

1-Ampoules ( Single Dose).

2- vials ( multi -dose containers with rubber

capped stopper ).

3- Bottles.

4- Disposable syringes.
Solution
Suspension
Ampoule
Vials
Drops
 III-Semi-solid dosage forms
 1- Ointments and the like
- Ointments (‫)مرهم‬
- Creams (‫)كريم‬
- Gels (‫)جل‬
- Pasts (‫)معجون‬

 2- Transdermal therapeutic system

 3- Suppositories and the like

- Rectal supp.
- Vaginal inserts ( tablets – ovules – supp. pessary )