ANGLE

MODULATION
ENGR. EDELITO A. HANDIG
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Introduction
Angle Modulation:
Is a result of varying the phase
angle of a sinusoidal wave with
respect to time.
A(t) = V
c
sin[(t + (t)]
* (t) = F [ V
m
(t)]
Types:
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
FM vs. PM
A(t) = V
c
sin [(t + (t)]

In FM, the instantaneous output
frequency of a carrier signal is varied
in accordance with the modulating
signal.

In PM, the instantaneous output phase
angle of a carrier signal is varied in
accordance with the modulating
signal.
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
FM vs. PM Applications
FM Applications:
- radio broadcasting, sound signal
in TV, mobile radio systems, satellite
broadcasting, cellular telephone
systems.

PM Applications:
- used extensively in modern data-
communications systems.
FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Development of FM
Major Edwin Armstrong

1910s invented the Superheterodyne
Rx.
1920s worked on FM & PM
1930s Practical FM broadcasting
FM Fundamentals
Important parameters:
Rest Frequency
Modulation/Deviation Sensitivity
Frequency Deviation
Modulation Index
Modulation Percentage
Bessel Function
Bandwidth
Modulation/Deviation
Sensitivity
The FM modulation sensitivity is the
output-vs-input transfer function of the
modulator.

Represented by a constant, K
f
.
K
f
= frequency deviation/V
usually in kHz/V.
Frequency Deviation
The FM frequency deviation is the
change in frequency that occurs in the
carrier when it is acted on by a
modulating signal.
At any given time, it is given by
(t) = K
f
Vm(t)
(t) = K
f
Vmsin
m
t
The peak frequency deviation is given
by
= K
f
Vm
Example
A certain FM transmitter has a
modulation sensitivity of 10 KHz/V. If
a 5kHz sine wave of 2Vpp is applied
to this transmitter, determine the
frequency deviation that occurs.

= K
f
Vm
= 10 KHz/V 1 = 10KHz

FM Wave
FM Wave frequency
The signal frequency of an FM
wave:
f
FM
= f
c

+ K
f
Vm(t)
f
FM
= f
c
+ K
f
Vm sin
m
t

Note: = K
f
Vm

f
FM
= f
c
+ sin
m
t
Modulation Index, mf
mf is equal to the peak deviation
caused when the signal is modulated
by the frequency of the modulating
signal;
mf = /fm
mf is a function of both the modulating
signal amplitude and frequency.
mf can take on any value from 0 to
infinity.
Modulation Percentage
%Modulation = (
actual
/
max
) x 100%

FCCs Rules and Regulations limit
FM broadcast-band transmitters to
a maximum frequency deviation of
75KHz.
Example
A certain FM transmitter has a modulation
sensitivity of 10 KHz/V. If a 5kHz sine
wave of 2Vpp is applied to this
transmitter, determine the modulation
index and percentage of modulation.
mf = /fm = 10KHz / 5KHz = 2
%Modulation = (
actual
/
max
) x 100%
= 10KHz / 75KHz x 100%
= 13.33%

FM Instantaneous Voltage
FM(t) = V
c
sin(
c
t + mf sin
m
t)

where Vc is the rest-frequency peak
amplitude, c and m represent the
rest
and modulating frequencies, and mf is
the index of modulation.
Bessel Function
It itemizes the various signal
components in an FM wave and their
amplitudes.
Meaning of Jn(mf):
J0(1.0) represents the rest-frequency
amplitude of an FM wave with an index
of modulation equal to 1.0.
J1(2.5) is the amplitude of the first pair
of sidebands for an FM wave with mf =
2.5.
J7(mf) is the amplitude of the seventh
pair of sidebands with an unknown index
of modulation, mf.
Example
Display for mf = 0.25
Example
Display for mf =1.0
Bandwidth of FM signal
FM Signal Wave Classification:
Low ( mf < 1.0)
Medium (1.0 < mf < 10)
High Index (mf > 10)

Types of FM Bandwidth:
Narrow Band FM
Wide Band FM
Bandwidth of FM signal
Using the Bessel function, the total
bandwidth is given by:
BW = 2 x fm No. of sideband
pairs
Factors: fm and mf

Minimum BW = 2fm (Low Index)
Minimum BW = 2 (High Index)
Bandwidth of FM signal
1939: J.R. Carson established a rule
to estimate the bandwidth for all angle
modulated systems regardless of the
modulation index.
Carson Rule:
BW = 2( + fm) Hz

Example
For an FM modulator with a peak
frequency deviation of 10KHz, a
modulating signal frequency of 10KHz,
and a 10V 500KHz carrier, determine
the ff: a. )actual minimum bandwidth
from the Bessel function.
b.) approximate minimum
bandwidth using Carson rule.
Solution
a.) mf = /fm
mf = 10KHz / 10KHz = 1.0
From the Bessel function: No. of SB
pair = 3
BW = 2 x fm No. of sideband pairs
BW = 2(10KHz x 3) = 60 KHz
b.) Carson Rule:
BW = 2( + fm)
BW = 2(10KHz + 10KHz)
BW = 40 KHz
FM Power Relation
If there is no modulation,
then mf = 0 and J
0
(0)= 1.0.



Then P
rest freq
= J
0
(0)
2
P
trans

Or P
rest freq
= P
trans
FM Power Relations
The power for any individual frequency
component:

Pn = Jn(mf)
2
Ptrans

Furthermore, the total signal power will be
given by:

Ptotal = (J
0
(mf)
2
+ 2J
1
(mf)
2
+ 2J
2
(mf)
2

+. . +2J
n
(mf)
2
) Ptrans

Example
An FM transmitter has a power output
of 10 W. If the index of modulation is
1.0, determine the power in the various
frequency components of the signal.
From the Bessel function table:
J
0
= .77, J
1
= .44, J
2
= .11, and J
3
=
.02

P
0
= J
0
2
(P
trans
) = (.77)
2
10 = 5.929 W
P
1
= 1.936 W, P
2
= 0.121 W, and P
3
=
0.004 W
P
total
= P
0
+ 2P
1
+ 2P
2
+ 2P
3

= 10.051 W
Effect of Noise in FM
For FM, noise still adds to the signal,
but because the information resides in
frequency changes instead of
amplitude changes, the noise tends to
have less of an effect.

FM Broadcast Service
FM broadcast band: 88 to 108 MHz
It uses 200-kHz channel assignments
starting at 88.1MHz to 107.9MHz.
Guard bands exist between adjacent
channels, and NTC is the authority
regarding assignment of station
frequencies.