Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field

Theory
1
Material equations in magnetic field
( )




+ = + = + + =
+ + =

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ = + =
p 0 p 0 r 0 p 0 m 0
p 0 m 0 0
0
m p t p
M H M H M H 1 B
M H H B
M H B
H M M M M
_
_

_
(the third material equation of the electromagnetic field)
The term
r
=1+_
m
>0 is called relative magnetic permittivity. This is a scalar and dimensionless
parameter. The term =
0

r
is called absolute magnetic permittivity of the substance and is a
scalar parameter having H/m like measurement unit.
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
2
Electromagnetic induction law
Electromagnetic induction phenomena shows that in
conductors placed in magnetic field could be produced
electromotive voltages. These could be produced in
opened and closed conductors. Consider a closed and
non-deformable conductor moving with speed v in relation
with a reference system placed into a magnetic field having
magnetic induction B.
When magnetic induction is constant in time, B = B(r), it is exercised a Lorentz force on the
electric charge placed inside the conductor.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

B v q F
t
where v
t
is total speed, v speed of the conductor related to the
reference system, v- speed of the electric charge inside the conductor.
The electric field induced by magnetic forces Lorentz type is:

= = B v
q
F
E
t i
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
3
}
} } } }

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
S
S
S S S S
S
l
l
l l l
t
l
i l
l B v e
l B ' v l B v l B v l E e
d
d d d d
The vector parameters magnetic induction, induced electric field and moving speed of the
conductor are associated in a trihedral after right-hand rule. For opened contour conductors the
electromotive voltage, equivalent to the electric voltage (in electric field), becomes:
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
B
) i ( A
AB
l B v e d
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
4
Considering the general case of a distributed magnetic field, time variable, B = B(r,t), the last
expression could be generalized considering two succesive positions of the screen loop in
magnetic field:
t t
e
t
A B
B
t
l s
l B
t
s
e
t
s
v
S
S
S S S
S
l
l
l l l
l
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d d
d
d
d
d
d
l l
S S
2
2
u
=
u
=

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
}
} } }

The local form of the electromagnetic induction law is determined by considering that:
}} }

= =
l S
S
S l
l
A E l E e d rot d
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
5
When l
S
contour includes more turns, N > 1, considering the magnetic flux on turn, u
Sl
, it could be
calculated the total magnetic flux through the coil:
+
S l
=N u
Sl

and then the induced electromotive voltage:
t
e
l
S
S
l
d
d+
=
The last expression represents the integral form of the electromagnetic induction law and proves
that the electromotive induced voltage on a conductor contour is equal to decreasing speed in
time of magnetic flux on the surface delimited by the contour.
Scroll direction of l
S
contour is arbitrarily chosen and then it results the surface normal sense
associated after right borer rule. The last expression could be decomposed on its components:
din st
l S
S
l
l S S S
S
S S
f S
S
S
e e l B v A
t
B
t
e
l v B A
t
B
A v B A
t
B
t
A v B B v
t
B
A
t
B
t
A B
S l
l
S
S l l l
l
l l
l
l
l
+ =
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
=
+
=

|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c
=
+

(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
c
c
= =
+
= +
} }}
} }} }} }}
}} }} }}

d d
d
d
d d d rot d
d
d
d rot div d
d
d
d
d
d
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
6
It could be observed that the electromotive induced voltage has two components, a static
one e
st
, and a dynamic one, e
din
, that could be separately calculated. The sum of the
components is constant.
Taking into consideration the static and dynamic components of induced electromotive
voltage into the integral form of the theorem on S
l
surface we obtain:
|
|
.
|

\
|

c
c
=

v B
t
B
E rot rot
Local form of electromagnetic induction law that shows that a
variable time magnetic field produces an electric field.
For static environments, v = 0, it could be obtained the second evolution equation of the
electromagnetic field:
t
B
E
c
c
=

rot
In last expression the sign - evidences the electromagnetic inertia phenomenon that shows that
the circuit of conductors, crossed by electric current, opposes to magnetic flux variation produced
by the currents crossing the conductors. If the electric currents vary, then the magnetic fluxes will
produce induced voltages that produce electric current and own magnetic flux that will oppose the
magnetic flux variation on the surfaces delimited by the conductors.
In non-stationary regime when appear induced electric fields, this field is not anymore a potential
one and the electric voltage between any two points depends on the curve passing through them.
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
7
Electric inductances
These inductances characterize the systems of conductors placed in different environments
and crossed by electric current from point of view of magnetic properties. Electric inductances
establish relationships between electric currents through conductors and magnetic fluxes that
cross the surfaces delimited by conductors. There are scalar parameters that could be defined
like own or mutual electric inductances. Then that could be defined other types of inductances:
dispersion inductances, useful inductances etc.
Consider two circuits or two coils 1 and 2 having N
1
and N
2
turns crossed by i
1
and i
2
electric
currents that define own electric inductances L
11
, L
22
and the mutual inductances L
12
, L
21
. For
beginning we suppose that electric current i
1
is different from zero, the electric current i
2
zero and
each coil with one turn, N
1
=N
2
=1. The electric current i
1
produces magnetic flux. The magnetic
field lines are closed.
21 21
2
1
11
21 1 21 21 2 21 11 1 11
21 21 11
, ,
d
d d
d
N
N
N N N
+ + + = +

u = + u = + u = +
u + u = u
12 12
1
2
22 d
N
N
+ + + = +
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
8
The magnetic flux between the two coils evidence next components:
u
11
magnetic flux on one turn of coil 1 produced by electric current i
1
;
u
21
magnetic flux on one turn of coil 2 produced by electric current i
1
;
u
d21
dispersion magnetic flux on one turn of coil 1 produced by electric current i
1
.

Mutual inductances could be positives (for an additive coupling) or negatives (for a differential
coupling). The nature of the coupling depends on currents senses association crossing the
coils: if the senses of the electric currents are the same relative to polarized terminals, then the
coupling is additive. In the other case the coupling is differential.
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
9
Own electric inductances, L
ii
>0,

+
=
+
=
2
22
22
1
11
11
i
L
i
L
Mutual electric inductances, L
ij
,

+
=
+
=
1
21
21
2
12
12
i
L
i
L
Dispersion electric inductances, L
d ij,

+
=
+
=
1
21
21
2
12
12
i
L
i
L
d
d
d
d
Electric inductance is a scalar parameter that depends on the shape and dimensions of the
conductors system, but also on the environment nature where there are placed:
L=L(d
1
,d
2
,,d
n
,
1
,
2
,,
n
) [L]=1 H (Henry); 1 H = 1 Wb/ 1 A
i
ii
ii
i
L
+
=
j
ij
ji ij
i
L L
+
= =
j
dij
dij
i
L
+
=
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
10
Surfaces of discontinuity and refraction theorem in magnetic field
Refraction of magnetic induction
0 div 0
0 0 d
0
12 1 2
0
12 1 2
0
1 2
0
2 1
= =
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= A + A =

}}
B n B B
n n n
A n B A n B A B
S
S
n 2 n 1 2 2 1 1 2
0
12 1
0
12
B B B B B n B n = = =

o o cos cos
Refraction of magnetic field intensity
( ) ( )
( )

+ = |
.
|

\
|
A
+
=

|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
A = A
|
.
|

\
|
= A + A = + + =
}}
}
Hl l
S
H
S
S
H S H
S S H S H
l
J J
l
i
H
A J J i
l H l t H H l t H l t H i i l H
l
l
l
l l
S
u
u
u u
rot
d
rot d
0
1 2
0
2
0
1
t t
S
S
H
H H H H
t H t H H J J
l
2 1 2 2 1 1
0
2
0
1
sin sin
0 rot 0
= =
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
+

| |
Course 11 - Electromagnetic Field
Theory
11
2
1
2
1
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
H
B
H
B
,
H B , H B
o
o

o
o
o
o
| o | o

tg
tg
sin
cos
sin
cos
= =

= =
= =

When environments are homogeneous, isotropic and have magnetic permeability
1
and
2
, without
permanent magnetization (M
p
=0), it is obtained the refraction theorem of the magnetic field lines: