Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Voice over IP introduction
• VoIP = Voice + IP
• VOICE
Traditionally, voice was transmitted using a
separate dedicated infrastructure and it is still in
place i.e. PSTN
The first network that was put in place was for voice
ONLY.
Based on TDM
2
Voice over IP introduction (contd..)
• VoIP = Voice + IP
• VOICE • DATA
• Computer Data
• Voice
• Video
5
Voice technologies
6
Voice over IP (contd..)
7
IP (Internet Protocol)
• A packet-based protocol
Routing on a packet-by-packet base
• Packet transfer with no guarantees
May not receive in order
May be lost or severely delayed
• TCP/IP
Retransmission
Assemble the packets in order
Congestion control
Useful for file-transfers and e-mail
8
Voice over IP Protocols
Presentation G.729(A)/G.723(.1)/G.711
Session H.323/MGCP/SIP
Transport RTP/UDP/RSVP
Network IP/WFQ/IP-prec
Physical –––
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Why VoIP?
10
Lower Equipment Cost
– PSTN switch
Proprietary – hardware, OS, applications
High operation and management cost
Training, support and feature development cost
– Mainframe computer
– The IP world
Standard hardware and mass-produced
Application software is quite separate
– IN
does not match the openness and flexibility of IP
A few highly successful services
11
Voice/Data Integration
12
Enterprise Voice Over IP Applications
• Toll bypass
Most common application
• PBX extension
Saves costs by reducing maintenance costs
and overhead
• H.323 interoperability
Supports voice-enabled Web applications
13
Cisco “Voice over” Applications
14
Connection Types
• Local
• On-net
• Off-net
• PLAR
• PBX-to-PBX
• On-net to Off-net
15
Local Connections
555-4001
555-4002
16
On-net Connections
Site A Site B
IP
Router Router
Gateway Gateway
17
On-net Connections (contd..)
Branch A Branch B
Soft Phone
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.254 172.16.1.254
Internet
IP Phone
18
Off-net Connections
Dial Access code: 9
Then PSTN number
Branch A Branch B
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.254 172.16.1.254
FR/ATM
PSTN
19
Tie Line Trunks
PBX PBX
IP,FR
ATM
Router Router
Gateway Gateway
20
On to off-net Connections
Branch A Branch B
PSTN
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.254 172.16.1.254
Internet
21
Toll Bypass Using 3600
PBX
PBX
PSTN
4 to 12
QoS Analog ports
3620 V WAN
(Intranet)
V
3640
23
Addressing in Telephone Systems
• Pulse
Each digit is represented as a series of
pulses.
700 ms
26
DTMF Dialing
697 1 2 3 A
770 4 5 6 B
852 7 8 9 C
941 * 0 # D
27
Types of circuit switched calls
End-Office
Central Office Tandem for calls within city
Local Exchange Transit for calls out of city
CLASS 5 switch
28
Introduction to Signaling
The main purpose of Signaling is to setup and
tear down a call and providing supervisory
functions.
Signaling
Classification
Off-hook Trunk or
Dial-tone Subscriber Inter-switch SS1-6
Ringing Signaling Signaling SS7
Busy Tone Router-Router R2 (Analog / PCM
Hookflash H.323 / SIP
ISDN Q.931 MGCP
29
Types of Signaling
Method of communicating telephony events: Off-hook, busy, on-hook…
Analog Digital
• Digital subscriber
• 2-wire
lines: 2-wire, 4-wire
• Loop start • Digital trunks: 4-wire
• Ground start
• Channel associated
• E&M signaling (CAS)
• 2-wire, 4-wire • In-band signaling
• Five types I-V
• (Cisco I,II,III,V) • Common channel
signaling (CCS)
• Out-of-band signaling
30
Basic Local Call Flow
31
Subscriber signaling for local calls
32
Basic Call Progress: On-Hook
Telephone
Switch
Local Local
Loop Loop
-48 DC Voltage
DC Open Circuit
No Current Flow
33
Basic Call Progress: Off-Hook
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Switch
DC Current
Dial Tone
Local Local
Loop Loop
34
Basic Call Progress: Dialing
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit Dialed Digits
Pulses or Switch
Tones
DC Current
Local
Loop
35
Basic Call Progress: Switching
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Switch
DC Current Address
to
Port
Local Translation Local
Loop Loop
36
Basic Call Progress: Ringing
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Switch
Ring Back
Tone DC Open Cct.
DC Current Ringing Tone
Local Local
Loop Loop
37
Basic Call Progress: Talking
Off-Hook
Closed
Telephone
Circuit
Switch
Voice Energy Voice Energy
DC Current DC Current
Local Local
Loop Loop
38
Common Terms
• Local Loop
• Switches
• Trunks
39
Switch Types
• Local Exchange / CO
• PBX
• Tandem
• Transit
40
Trunk Types
• Private Trunks
• CO Trunks
• FXO Trunks
• FXS Trunks
• DID/DOD Trunks
• Inter-office trunks
41
2-to-4 wire conversion
Result: ????
42
Speech-Coding Techniques
43
Introduction
44
Voice Quality Measure
45
ITU-T Voice Quality Standards
P.800 recommendations
The selection of participants
The test environment
Explanations to listeners
Analysis of results
Toll quality
A MOS of 4.0 or higher
46
ITU-T Voice Quality Standards
47
Voice Compression Technologies
Bandwidth
(Kbps)
32 *
ADPCM 32 (G.726)
24 *
ADPCM 24 (G.726)
16 * *
ADPCM 16 (G.726) LDCELP 16 (G.728)
8 *
* CS-ACELP 8 (G.729)
LPC 4.8
0
Quality
48
Speech Waveforms & PSD
• Power spectrum
• Unvoiced speech
density
50
Type of Speech Coders
• Waveform codecs
Sample and code
High-quality and not complex
Large amount of bandwidth
• Source codecs (Vocoders)
Match the incoming signal to a mathematical model
Linear-predictive filter model of the vocal tract
The information is sent rather than the signal
Low bit rates, but sounds synthetic
Higher bit rates do not improve much
51
Types of codecs
• Hybrid codecs
Attempt to provide the best of both
Perform a degree of waveform matching
Utilize the sound production model
Quite good quality at low bit rate
52
Waveform Coders
Quantizing
Encoding
Sampling
Filtering
1110010010010110
Waveform Waveform
ENCODER DECODER
53
Vocoders
PCM PCM
Quantizing Encoder Decoder
Encoding
Sampling
Filtering
111001001001011
Sample
Frames
VocalCords
Parameters
Parameters
Throat
Mouth
Nose
Model
Model
10110010
Parameters
Human
Speech Model
Analysis Synthesis
54
Voice Digitization
• Analog-to-Digital Conversion
discrete samples of the waveform and represent each
sample by some number of bits
A signal can be reconstructed if it is sampled at a
minimum of twice the maximum freq.
• Human speech
0-4KHz (300-3400 Hz used in telephony)
8000 samples per second
55
Digitizing Voice: PCM
Waveform Encoding
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G.711
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DPCM
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ADPCM
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CELP
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G.729 an Advanced CODEC
Code Excited Linear Prediction
Cake (CELP) Consumes ~ 8 Kbps
Cake
A/D Code DSP Packet Recipe $0.32
10.1.1.1
16-Bit
Linear PCM Code
Look-Up
• DSP = Digital
Signal Ingredients: Directions:
A-sound Play K, A,
Processing K-sound and K
• G.729.B
VAD, Voice Activity Detection
Based on analysis of several parameters of the input
The current frames plus two preceding frames
DTX, Discontinuous Transmission
Send nothing or send an SID frame
SID frame contains information to generate comfort noise
CNG, Comfort Noise Generation
• G.729, an MOS of about 4.0
• G.729A an MOS of about 3.7
62
Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI)
63
Bandwidth Requirements
64
Voice Quality Comparison
65