GPS TECHNQUE

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TOPC:

FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES FOR GPS AND GNSS:
SIGNAL, LIFESPAN, ORBITS, AND DETAILS.
Satellite
Technologies
and GPS
GLONASS
GALLILEO
COMPASS
Classification
of
positioning
satellites
Signal types
and
processing
Future of
Satellites
WHAT IS A SATELLTE?
A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star.
For example, Earth is a satellite because it orbits the sun. Likewise,
the moon is a satellite because it orbits Earth.

Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is launched into
space and moves around Earth or another body in space.

Earth and the moon are examples of natural satellites. Thousands of
artificial, or man-made, satellites orbit Earth.

Some taken pictures of the planet that help meteorologists predict
weather and track hurricanes. Some taken pictures of other planets,
the sun, black holes, dark matter or faraway galaxies. These pictures
help scientists better understand the solar system and universe.

Still other satellites are used mainly for communications, such as
beaming TV signals and phone calls around the world.
A group of more than 20 satellites make up the Global
Positioning System, or GPS. If you have a GPS receiver, these
satellites can help figure out your exact location.
Satellites vary in size. Some cube satellites are as small as 10 cm.
Some communication satellites are about 7 m long and have
solar panels that extend another 50 m.
The largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station
(ISS). (This is a habitable space laboratory. At an altitude of 400
km, the ISS travels at a speed of 28 000 km/h and orbits the
Earth once every 92 minutes. Scientists inside the ISS are able to
perform many valuable experiments in a microgravity
environment.)
The main part of this is as big as a large five-bedroom house,
but including solar panels, it is as large as a rugby field.
ARTFCAL SATELLTES
An artificial satellite is an object that people have made and
launched into orbit using rockets.
There are currently over a thousand active satellites orbiting
the Earth. The size, altitude and design of a satellite depend
on its purpose.
Types of Satellite:
Navigation satellites: The GPS (global positioning system) is
made up of 24 satellites that orbit at an altitude of 20 000 km
above the surface of the Earth. The difference in time for
signals received from four satellites is used to calculate the
exact location of a GPS receiver on Earth.
Communication satellites: These are used for television, phone
or internet transmissions, for example, the Optus D1 satellite
is in a geostationary orbit above the equator and has a
coverage footprint to provide signals to all of Australia and
New Zealand.
Weather satellites: These are used to image clouds and
measure temperature and rainfall. Both geostationary and low
Earth orbits are used depending on the type of weather
satellite. Weather satellites are used to help with more
accurate weather forecasting.
Earth observation satellites: These are used to photograph and
image the Earth. Low Earth orbits are mainly used so that a
more detailed image can be produced.
Astronomical satellites: These are used to monitor and image
space. A satellite such as the Hubble Space Telescope orbits at
an altitude of 600 km and provides very sharp images of stars
and distant galaxies. Other space telescopes include Spitzer
and Chandra.
The first artificial satellite was the Soviet Sputnik 1
mission, launched in 1957.
Since then, dozens of countries have launched
satellites, with more than 3,000 currently operating
spacecraft going around the Earth.
There are estimated to be more than 8,000 pieces
of space junk; dead satellites or pieces of debris
going around the Earth as well.

WHAT IS GPS ?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. owned utility that
provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing services. This
system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control
segment, and the user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops,
maintains, and operates the space and control segments.
Space Segment:
The GPS space segment consists of a constellation of satellites
transmitting radio signals to users. The Air Force manages the
constellation to ensure the availability of at least 24 GPS satellites,
95% of the time.
For the past several years, the Air Force has been flying 31
operational GPS satellites, plus 3-4 decommissioned satellites
("residuals") that can be reactivated if needed.

Control Segment:
The GPS control segment consists of a global
network of ground facilities that track the GPS
satellites, monitor their transmissions, perform
analyses, and send commands and data to the
constellation.

The current operational control segment includes a
master control station, an alternate master control
station, 12 command and control antennas, and 16
monitoring sites.
Gps Applications : Agriculture,Environment, Marine, Public safety & Disaster relief, Rail, Recreation,
Roads & Highways, Space, Surveying & Mapping, Timing..



GLONASS
GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema


GLONASS is a space-based satellite navigation system operated by the
Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. It is designed to provide instantaneous,
high precision location and speed information to users throughout most of the
world. Deployed in nearly circular orbits at an altitude of 19,100 km by Proton
boosters. GLONASS positional accuracies (95% confidence) are claimed to be
100 m on the surface of the Earth, 150 m in altitude, and 15 cm/s in velocity.
GLONASS is a dual-use system.

A fully operational constellation with global coverage consists of 24 satellites,
while 18 satellites are necessary for covering the territory of Russia. To get a
position fix the receiver must be in the range of at least four satellites.
GLONASS
DEPLOYMENT OF THE GLONASS CONSTELLATION
Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to
the system until the constellation was completed in 1995. When completed, the
GLONASS constellation was designed to provide 100 meters accuracy with its
"standard precision" C/A signals, which are deliberately degraded, and 10-20
meter accuracy with its P "high-precision" signals, originally available
exclusively to the military. This brought the precision of GLONASS on-par with
the American GPS system, which
had achieved full operational capability year earlier.
After the full complement was achieved in December
1995, there were no further launches until
December 1999, because of financially
difficult period.


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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2006
41
GLONASS deployment milestones:
18 satellites in constellation 2007
24 satellites in constellation 2009
At the end of 2004, the head of the Federal Space Agency, FKA, called the
separation between military and civilian frequencies in the GLONASS system,
"awkward" and promised to provide the access to the high-precision navigation
data to all users. GLONASS signal is free (available in latitude, longitude and
altitude).

Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone
through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations:

- The original GLONASS (since 1982),
- GLONASS-M (since 2003) and
- GLONASS-K (since 2011).

GLONASS (URAGAN)
The GLONASS (also called Uragan) satellite features a three-axis
stabilization system, which points it in nadir during the operational flight.
Two solar arrays provide power supply. Onboard cesium clocks provide
time accuracy to 1,000 nanoseconds. The first generation GLONASS
satellites were 7.8 m tall, had a width of 7.2 m, measured across their
solar panels, and a mass of 1,260 kg.

(Scale model of the Uragan
satellite.)
GLONASS-M
Glonass-M were developed beginning in 1990 and first
launched in 2003, launches of GLONASS-M satellites were expected to continue until
2012. The GLONASS-M version of
the satellite featured improved antennas, extended lifetime
and the introduction of a separate transmission frequency dedicated to civilian users,
known as L2. The satellite also sported an increased clock stability, more accurate solar
array orientation and better maneuverability. It had a slightly larger mass than the
baseline GLONASS, standing at 1,415 kg,
but it had double the original's lifetime,
decreasing the required replacement rate
by 50%. The new satellite also had better
accuracy and ability to broadcast two extra
civilian signals.

GLONASS-K
The first GLONASS-K satellite was successfully launched on 26 February 2011.
The GLONASS-K version featured lighter, standardized unpressurized bus. It
has an operational lifetime of 10 years, compared to the 7-year lifetime of the
second generation GLONASS-M. It will transmit more navigation signals to
improve the system's accuracy.
GLONASS-K2
A revised version of GLONASS-K satellite, known as GLONASS-K2 was originally
promised as early as 2013, however by 2012, it was not expected to enter service until
2015.



Group launch by
SOYUZ

GLONASS MODERNZATON
INTERACTION WITH AMERICAN GPS



Russia discussed various issues related to the development and use of
GLONASS in parallel with American GPS and European Galileo
systems. According to the head of Federal Space Agency, in December
2004 Russia and the US discussed the ways of preventing the use of
satellite navigation systems by terrorists.
GPS = GLONASS ?
The fundamental difference between the GLONASS and GPS navigators are
the signal itself and its structure.
- GPS system uses code-division channeling. GLONASS uses frequency-
division channeling.
- The structure of the signal also differs.
- Also the satellites motion is described using fundamentally different
mathematical models. In GLONASS differential model of motion is used. And
GPS uses a model based on osculating elements.
- GLONASS time and GPS time are not the same. (Leap seconds are an issue)
- GLONASS uses a different geocentric datum. (PZ-90)

PARTICIPATION IN EUROPE'S GALILEO NETWORK


Russia also was in talks with the European Space Agency on the possible
cooperation on the Galileo navigation network. Details beyond the possibility of
launching Galileo satellites onboard Soyuz rockets were not specified.


Cooperation with China
Number of contacts between Russian and Chinese space officials included
discussions of the GLONASS network. According to the Russian media, China
considered the development of its own satellite navigation system, which could
involve purchases of the Russian technology.

GLONASS GROUND CONTROL
The ground control segment of GLONASS is almost entirely located within
former Soviet Union territory, except for a station in Brasilia, Brazil.

The Ground
Control Center and Time Standards is located in Moscow and the telemetry and
tracking stations are in Saint Petersburg, Ternopol, Eniseisk, and Komsomolsk-
na-Amure.

GALILEO
The Galileo programme is Europe's initiative for a state-of-the-art global satellite
navigation system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning
service under civilian control. The system is intended primarily for civilian use,
unlike the more military-oriented systems of the United States (GPS), Russia
(GLONASS), and China (Beidou-1/2, COMPASS).The fully deployed system
will consist of 30 satellites and the associated ground infrastructure. Galileo will
be inter-operable with GPS and GLONASS, the two other global satellite
navigation systems.
The first two operational Galileo
satellites were launched from Europe's
Spaceport in French Guiana in October
2011. Once the In-Orbit Validation
(IOV) phase has been completed, the
remaining satellites will be placed in
orbit at regular intervals to reach Full
Operational Capability.

The complete Galileo constellation will comprise satellites spread
evenly around three orbital planes inclined at an angle of 56 degrees
to the equator. Each satellite will take about 14 hours to orbit the
Earth. One satellite in each plane will be a spare, on stand-by should
any operational satellite fail.

The Galileo IOV satellite
Mass about 700 kg
Size with solar wings stowed 3.02 x 1.58 x 1.59m
Size with solar wings deployed 2.74 x 14.5 x 1.59 m
Design life more than 12 years
Available power 1420 W (sunlight) / 1355 W (eclipse)

Orbit
Altitude 23 222 km
Inclination 56

Three initial services will be provided from 2014 onwards:
The Open Service: Galileo open and free of user charge signal,
The Public Regulated Service: a special Galileo navigation service using
encrypted signals set up for better management of critical transport and
emergency services, better law enforcement, improved border control and
safer peace missions,
The Search And Rescue Service, contribution of Europe to COSPAS-
SARSAT, an international satellite-based search and rescue distress alert
detection system.
Another services will be tested as of 2014 and provided as the system reaches
full operational capability with the 30 satellites:
The Commercial Service that gives access to two additional encrypted
signals.

Research is under way into
future improvements such as expanded
augmentation coverage, including how
best to support increased navigation in
the Arctic region as ice cover recedes,
even more precise atomic clocks, and
inter-satellite links to reduce Galileos
dependence on its ground segment for
clock correction.

COMPAS
S

The BNSS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It
consists of two separate satellite constellations a limited test system that has been operating
since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction.
The first BeiDou system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System
and also known as BeiDou-1,
consists of three satellites and offers limited coverage and applications. It has been offering
navigation services, mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions, since 2000.

The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Satellite Navigation System
(BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system and
is under construction as of January 2013.
Consisting of 35 satellites, it became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in
use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. For
future, it is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020.

DESCRIPTION

BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but
rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of:
35 satellites
which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1
30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium earth orbit and 3 in inclined
geosynchronous orbit), that will offer complete coverage of the globe.

ACCURACY
There are two levels of service provided:
a free service to civilians : has a 10-meter location-tracking accuracy,
synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to
within 0.2 m/s.
licensed service to the Chinese government and military: has a location
accuracy of 10 centimetres can be used for communication, and will supply information
about the system status to the user. To date, the military service has been granted only to the
People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan

AIMS
The ranging signals are based on the CDMA principle and have complex structure
typical of Galileo or modernized GPS.
Similar to the other GNSS, there will be two levels of positioning service:
open and restricted (military). The public service shall be available globally to
general users.
When all the currently planned GNSS systems are deployed, the users will
benefit from the use of a total constellation of 75+ satellites, which will significantly
improve all the aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in
so-called urban canyons.
The general designer of Compass navigation system is Sun Jiadong, who is
also the general designer of its predecessor, the original Beidou navigation
system.


List of satellites (as of December 2012)[edit]

Date Launcher Satellite Orbit Usable System
10/31/2000 LM-3A BeiDou-1A GEO 59E No BeiDou-1
12/21/2000 LM-3A BeiDou-1B GEO 80E No
5/25/2003 LM-3A BeiDou-1C GEO 110.5E No
2/3/2007 LM-3A BeiDou-1D Supersync orbit No
4/14/2007 LM-3A Compass-M1 MEO ~21,500 km Testing only BeiDou-2 (Compass)
4/15/2009 LM-3C Compass-G2 ? No
1/17/2010 LM-3C Compass-G1 GEO 144.5E Yes
6/2/2010 LM-3C Compass-G3[55] GEO 84E Yes
8/1/2010 LM-3A Compass-IGSO1 118E incl 55 Yes
11/1/2010 LM-3C Compass-G4 GEO 160E Yes
12/18/2010 LM-3A Compass-IGSO2 118E incl 55 Yes
04/10/2011 LM-3A Compass-IGSO3 118E incl 55 Yes
07/26/2011 LM-3A Compass-IGSO4 95E incl 55 Yes
12/02/2011 LM-3A Compass-IGSO5 95E incl 55 Yes
02/24/2012 LM-3C Compass-G5 59E Yes
04/29/2012 LM-3B Compass-M3 MEO incl 55 Yes
04/29/2012 LM-3B Compass-M4 MEO incl 55 Yes
09/18/2012 LM-3B Compass-M5 MEO incl 55 Yes
09/18/2012 LM-3B Compass-M6 MEO incl 55 Yes
10/25/2012 LM-3C Compass-G6[48] 80E Yes
COMPASS-M1 DETAILED INFORMATION

Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing
on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the GIOVE satellites for the
Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of
55.5 degrees.
Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have
been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to
as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service. The
"Q" components have much longer codes, are more interference resistive, and are probably intended for the
restricted service.
The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April
2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at CNES reported the spectrum and structure of the signals. A month
later, researchers from Stanford University reported the complete decoding of the I signals components. The
knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at Septentrio to build the COMPASS receiver and report
tracking and multipath characteristics of the I signals on E2 and E5B.
Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and
L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page
follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the
subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

FOR FUTURE
According to the authorities." The system became operational in
the China region that same month. The global navigation system
should be finished by 2020.As of December 2012, 16 satellites for
BeiDou-2 have been launched, 14 of them are in service.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL AND GPS SATELLITE ORBITS
1.Centric classifications

Galactocentric orbit is an orbit about the center of a galaxy. The Sun follows this
type of orbit about the galactic center of the Milky Way.
Heliocentric orbit is an orbit around the Sun. In our Solar System,
all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits.
Geocentric orbit is an orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or
of artificial satellites.
Areocentric orbit is an orbit around the planet Mars, such as that of its
moons or artificial satellites.
Lunar orbit is an orbit around the Earths moon.

2. Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
Low Earth orbit (LEO): Geocentric orbits with altitudes up to 2,000.
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km
to just below geosynchronous, matching the Earth's sidereal rotation period orbit at
35,786 kilometres. Also known as an intermediate circular orbit. These are most
commonly at 20,200 kilometres or 20,650 kilometres with an orbital period of 12
hours and are used by the Global Positioning System. Other satellites in Medium
Earth Orbit include GLONASS (with an altitude of 19,100 kilometres) and
GALILEO (with an altitude of 23,222 kilometres) constellations.
Geosynchronous orbit is an orbit around the Earth with an orbital period of
one sidereal day (23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds)

2. Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
Medium Earth orbit (MEO)




High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits above the
altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35,786.
3. Inclination classifications

Inclined orbit is an orbit whose inclination in
reference to the equatorial plane is not 0.

Polar orbit: An orbit that passes above or nearly
above both poles of the planet on each revolution.
Therefore it has an inclination of (or very close to)
90 degrees.
Polar Sun-synchronous orbit: A nearly polar
orbit that passes the equator at the same local solar
time on every pass.


3. Inclination classifications

Non-inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination is equal to zero with respect to
some plane of reference.
Ecliptic orbit is a non-inclined orbit with respect to the ecliptic.
Equatorial orbit is a non-inclined orbit with respect to the equator.

Near equatorial orbit: An orbit whose inclination with respect to the equatorial
plane is nearly zero.

4. Eccentricity classifications
There are two types of orbits:
Closed (periodic) orbits: Circular and elliptical orbits
Open (escape) orbits: Parabolic and hyperbolic orbits.

Circular orbit: An orbit that has an eccentricity of 0 and whose path traces
a circle.
Elliptic orbit: An orbit with an eccentricity greater than 0 and less than 1 whose
orbit traces the path of an ellipse.

The orbits of GPS are nearly circular, with a typical eccentricity of less than 1.

5. Synchronicity classifications

Geostationary orbit (GEO): A circular geosynchronous
orbit with an inclination of zero. To an observer on the
ground this satellite appears as a fixed point in the sky.
All geostationary orbits must be geosynchronous, but not
all geosynchronous orbits are geostationary.
It is 35,786 kilometres above the Earth's equator and
following the direction of the Earth's rotation. An object
in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to the Earth's
rotational period (one sidereal day), and thus appears
motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground
observers. Communications and weather satellites are
often given geostationary orbits.

GPS SIGNALS
Each satellite transmits a regular
GPS signal that is carried by radio
waves in the microwave part of the
electromagnetic spectrum

GPS satellite transmits data on two
frequencies, L1 (1575.42 Mhz) and
L2 (1227.60 MHz)

L5 is the third civilian GPS signal,
designed to meet demanding
requirements for safety-of-life
transportation and other high-
performance applications.
WHAT DOES THE
SIGNAL CONSIST
OF?
Digital Informations: Two
pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes,
along with satellite ephemerides
(Broadcast Ephemerides), ionospheric
modeling coefficients, status information,
system time, and satellite clock
corrections

First pseudorandom noise (PRN) code is
the Course-Acquisition (C/A) code.

Second pseudorandom noise code is
the Precise Code, or P code
COARSE-ACQUISITION (C/A)
CODE
The C/A code is the base for all civil GPS receivers

modulated onto the L1 carrier

Selective Availability (SA) -intentional degradation of public GPS signals implemented for national
security reasons.
EFFECT OF
SELECTVE
AVALABLTY


The data indicates a circular error of
only 2.8 meters and a spherical error of
4.6 meters during the first few hours of
SA-free operation
COURTESY OF GPS SUPPORT
CENTER, AIR FORCE SPACE
COMMAND
EFFECT OF SELECTVE AVALABLTY
NOAA NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
PRECISE CODE
The P- and Y-code are the base for the
precise (military) position determination
The P code is ten times as fast, which
means it can determine the
pseudorange ten times more accurately
Carried by both L1 and L2 codes

Since January 31, 1994 the AS-system
is operating continuously and the P-
code is only transmitted as Y-code
AS-anti spoofing-encryption of P codes
into Y codes
NAVIGATION
MESSAGE
low frequency signal added to the L1
codes that gives information about the
satellite's orbits, their clock corrections and
other system status(Basically Almanac
data and Ephemeris data)

Ephemeris data is data that tells the GPS
receiver where each GPS satellite should
be at any time throughout the day

Complexity may sometimes be an
advantage/ GPS receivers know the PRN
codes for each satellite and so can not
only decode the signal but distinguish
between different satellites
GPS SIGNAL ERROR
Ionosphere and troposphere
delays
Multipat
Receiver clock errors
Orbital errors
Satellite geometry/shading
SATELLITE
GEOMETRY/SHADIN
G
When the satellites are all in the same part of the sky, readings will be less accurate.
GPS Modernization
It is the policy of the United States to maintain U.S. leadership in the service,
provision, and use of satellite navigation systems. The U.S. government has
additional policy goals to meet growing demands by improving the performance
of GPS services, and to remain competitive with international satellite navigation
systems.
The GPS modernization program is an ongoing, multibillion-dollar effort to
upgrade the GPS space and control segments with new features to improve GPS
performance. These features include new civilian and military signals.

New Civil Signals
Future Satellite Generations
Control Segment Modernization
Program Schedule
New Civil Signals (L2C,L5,L1C)

A major focus of the GPS modernization program is the addition of new navigation
signals to the satellite constellation.
The government is in the process of fielding three new signals designed for civilian
use: L2C, L5, and L1C. The legacy civil signal, called L1 C/A or C/A at L1, will
continue broadcasting in the future, for a total of four civil GPS signals.
The new civil signals are phasing in incrementally as the Air Force launches new
GPS satellites to replace older ones. Most of the new signals will be of limited use
until they are broadcast from 18 to 24 satellites.

Second Civil Signal (L2C): designed specifically to meet commercial needs.
Third Civil Signal (L5): designed to meet demanding requirements for safety-of-
life transportation and other high-performance applications.
Fourth Civil Signal (L1C): designed to enable interoperability between GPS and
international satellite navigation systems.
Current and Future Satellite Generations

The GPS constellation is a mix of new and legacy satellites.
GPS Block IIA: It is an upgraded version of the GPS Block II satellites
launched in 1989-1990. The "II" refers to the second generation of GPS
satellites, although Block II was actually the first series of operational GPS
satellites. The "A" stands for advanced.
GPS Block IIR: The IIR series were produced to replace the II/IIA series as
the II/IIA satellites. The "R" in Block IIR stands for replenishment.
GPS Block IIR(M): The IIR(M) series of satellites are an upgraded version
of the IIR series. The "M" in IIR(M) stands for modernized, referring to the
new civil and military GPS signals added with this generation of spacecraft.
GPS Block IIF: The IIF series expand on the capabilities of the IIR(M) series
with the addition of a third civil signal. The "F" in IIF stands for follow-on.
Compared to previous generations, GPS IIF satellites have a longer life
expectancy and a higher accuracy requirement.
GPS Block III: the GPS III series is the newest block of GPS satellites. It will
provide more powerful signals in addition to enhanced signal reliability,
accuracy, and integrity. As of April 2013, GPS III Satellite Vehicles (SVs) 03-08
are in the Production and Deployment Phase. Future versions will feature
increased capabilities to meet demands of military and civilian users alike.
Current and Future Satellite Generations
Control Segment Modernization
As part of the GPS modernization program, the Air Force has continuously
upgraded the GPS control segment over the past few years and will keep doing so
in the years to come. It includs the Architecture Evolution Plan (AEP) and the
Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).
The schedule for the parallel space and control segment upgrades
REFERENCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/satellite
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Satellites/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Artificial-satellites
http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/what-is-a-satellite-58.html#.UqoABPRdXw-
http://www.gps.gov/
http://www.csr.utexas.edu UNVERSTY OF TEXAS
Croucher, Phil. Professional Helicopter Pilot Studies. 2007
http://www.oxts.com/glossary/coarse-acquisition/
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/satnav/galileo/
http://www.gsa.europa.eu/galileo/programme
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/galileo_%28satellite_navigation
http://www.esa.int/our_activities/navigation/the_future_-_galileo/galileo_satellites