Intro to Pumps and

their Selection
MEEN 5312
Optimization of Thermal Systems
Turbo-machinery
Turbo-Machinery
Pumps
Compressors
Fans
Blowers
Turbines
Miscellaneous:
Piping
Tubing
Valves
Flow meters
Storage tanks
Gages
others

Schematics of Turbo-machinery
Pumping Systems and Pumps
Importance of Pumping Systems
Pumping systems account for nearly 20% of the
worlds electrical energy demand.
25-50% of the energy usage in certain industrial
plant operations.
Widespread use of pumping systems:
domestic, commercial and agricultural services
municipal water and wastewater services
industrial services for food processing, chemical,
petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and mechanical
industries

Objective of a Pumping System
Transfer of liquid from one place to
another place:
water from an underground aquifer into a
water storage tank)
Circulate liquid around a system
cooling water or lubricants through machines
and equipment)

Pumping System
Pumps
Prime movers: electric motors, diesel
engines or air system
Piping for flow of fluid
Valves to control the flow in the system
Other fittings, controls and instrumentation
Types of Pumps
Kinetic (Dynamic)
Pumps
Examples: a centrifugal
pump, an radial pump
Positive Displacement
Pumps
Examples: a gear pump,
a reciprocating piston
pump

Classification of Pumps
Dynamic
Positive
Displacement
Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating
Internal
gear
External
gear
Lobe
Slide
vane
Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)
Pumps
Dynamic
Positive
Displacement
Centrifugal Special effect Rotary Reciprocating
Internal
gear
External
gear
Lobe
Slide
vane
Others (e.g.
Impulse, Buoyancy)
Pumps
Kinetic (Dynamic) Pumps
Kinetic pumps add energy continuously to
increase the fluid velocity (kinetic energy)
within the pump element such that
subsequent velocity reduction in pump
volute produces a pressure increase
(potential energy).
Dynamic Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Total and Static Head
Total Head
Resistance of the
system
Two types: static and
friction
Static head
Difference in height
between source and
destination
Independent of flow
destination
source
Static
head
Static
head
Flow
Friction Head
Friction head
Resistance to flow in
pipe and fittings
Depends on size, pipes,
pipe fittings, flow rate,
nature of liquid
Proportional to square
of flow rate
Closed loop system
only has friction head
(no static head)
Friction
head
Flow
Total Head
System
head
Flow
Static head
Friction
head
System
curve
System head
Flow
Static head
Friction
head
System
curve
Pump Performance Curve
Pump Performance Curve
Relationship
between head and
flow
Flow increase
System resistance
increases
Head increases
Flow decreases to zero
Zero flow rate: risk of
pump burnout
Head
Flow
Pump Characteristic Curve
Head (ft, m)
Flow rate (gpm. m
3
/s)

Hydraulic efficiency
(%)
Impeller diameter (m)
Power (hp, kW)
Net Positive Suction
Head required
(NPSHR)
Pump Operating Point
Duty point: rate of flow at
certain head
Pump operating point:
intersection of pump curve
and system curve
Flow
Head
Static
head
Pump performance
curve
System
curve
Pump
operating
point
System Curve & Operating Point
Cavitation
Cavitation or vaporization:
bubbles inside pump
If vapor bubbles collapse
Erosion of vane surfaces
Increased noise and
vibration
Choking of impeller
passages


Suction Lift
Pumps need suction (low pressure) to
draw liquid into.
Maximum suction lift depends on pump
design (NPSHR), pressure applied on the
liquid surface and the vapor pressure
water (NPSHA).

NPSHR & NPSHA
NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head
Required)
pump suction needed to avoid cavitation
NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head
Available)
how much pump suction exceeds liquid
vapor pressure

NPSHR
It is the required
pressure at the
pumps suction (eye)
to operate the pump
at a given flow
Depends on the
design of the pump
Given in pump
characteristics curve
by the manufacturer

NPSHR
NPSHA
Depends on
Elevation of the
suction supply
Elevation of the
installation
Friction in the suction
line
Vapor pressure of the
liquid being pumped
NPSHA = H
a
-H
s
-H
vp
Pump Selection
System (technical)
Flow rate, head, speed, power, etc
Liquid properties
Viscosity, temperature, flammable, etc
Safety/environmental
UL label, regulation, enclosure, etc
Economy/reliability
Lubrication, operator, maintenance, etc
Pump Selection Guide (Goulds)
Liquids
Zoom View
Choose a model
Specific Speeds


4 / 3
ft H
gpm Q rpm
N
sd

4 / 3
2
3
/
/ /
m H s m g
s m Q s rad
N
s

s sd
N N 2733
Specific Speed (N
sd
vs Pump Size)
34

Assessment of pumps
Pump shaft power (Ps) is actual horsepower
delivered to the pump shaft



Pump output/Hydraulic/Water horsepower (Hp) is
the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump
How to Calculate Pump Performance
Hydraulic power (Hp):
Hp = Q (m3/s) x Total head, hd - hs (m) x (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

Pump shaft power (Ps):
Ps = Hydraulic power Hp / pump efficiency Pump

Pump Efficiency (Pump):
Pump = Hydraulic Power / Pump Shaft Power
UNEP 2006
hd - discharge head hs suction head,
- density of the fluid g acceleration due to gravity
Dynamic Pumps
Dynamic Pumps
Mode of operation
Rotating impeller converts kinetic energy into
pressure or velocity to pump the fluid
Two types
Centrifugal pumps: pumping water in industry 75%
of pumps installed
Special effect pumps: specialized conditions
Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
Impeller
Blades/Vanes
Volute
Casing
Seal
Shaft
Motor
38

UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
How do they work?
(Sahdev M)
Liquid forced into
impeller
Vanes pass kinetic
energy to liquid: liquid
rotates and leaves
impeller
Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy
39

UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Rotating and stationary components
(Sahdev)
40

UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Impeller
Sahdev)
Main rotating part that provides centrifugal
acceleration to the fluid
Number of impellers = number of pump stages
Impeller classification: direction of flow, suction type
and shape/mechanical construction
Shaft
Transfers torque from motor to impeller during pump
start up and operation
41

UNEP 2006
Type of Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Casings
Volute Casing (Sahdev)
Functions
Enclose impeller as pressure vessel
Support and bearing for shaft and impeller
Volute case
Impellers inside casings
Balances hydraulic pressure on pump shaft
Circular casing
Vanes surrounds impeller
Used for multi-stage pumps
Lets watch videos on
Centrifugal Pump!
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=9nL1XhK
m9q8

http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=gZWugqF
3ZFQ

Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps adds
energy periodically by application of
force to one or more movable boundaries
of enclosed fluid containing volumes
resulting in direct increase in pressure up
to the value required to overcome the
system resistance.
Two Main Types of PDP
Reciprocating pump
Displacement by reciprocation of piston plunger
Used only for viscous fluids and oil wells
Rotary pump
Displacement by rotary action of gear, cam or vanes
Several sub-types
Used for special services in industry
PD Pumps
By definition, PD pumps displace a known quantity of
liquid with each revolution of the pumping elements
(gears, rotors, screws, vanes).
PD pumps can handle fluids of
all viscosities up to 1,320,000 cSt
capacities up to 1,150 m3/hr (5,000 GPM)
pressures up to 700 Bar (10,000 PSI)
Some PD Pumps
Some PD Pumps
Some PD Pumps
Rotary Pump Selection Guide
Comparison
Pumps in series and parallel
Pumps in series
To increase the head
for the same flow rate

Pumps in Parallel
Pumps in parallel
To increase the flow
rate for the same head

Affinity Law
Flow rate (capacity) Q
a , D
Head H a
2
, D
2
Power P a
3
, D
3

In Equation Forms
Effect of Rotational Speed
Affinity laws: relation speed N and
Flow rate Q a N
Head H a N
2
Power P a N
3
Small speed reduction (e.g. ) = large power
reduction (e.g. 1/8)
Variable Speed Operation
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Speed adjustment over continuous range
Power consumption also reduced!
Two types
Mechanical: hydraulic clutches, fluid couplings,
adjustable belts and pulleys
Electrical: eddy current clutches, wound-rotor motor
controllers, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs)
References
Pump Types
www.pumped101.com
Pump Selection Guide by Goulds Pumps
Bulletin 723.4 by Goulds Pumps
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics by
Munson et al.
www.cheresources.com
www.energyefficiencyasia.org