Phylum Hemichordata &

Chordata
2
Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda
Hemichordata
Cnidaria Nemertea
Annelida
Echinodermata
Chordata
Lophophores
Protozoans
Chordate Relatives
Common ancestry revealed by dorsal nerve tube
and pharyngeal gill slits
Gill slits form (throat pocketings) at some time
during development; used for feeding or gas
exchange
Phylum Hemichordata
Three body regions
Proboscis
Collar
Trunk
Deuterostome
Gill slits
Open circulatory
system
Dorsal and ventral
nerve cord
Phylum Hemichordata
85 species of acorn or tongue
worms
Ciliated mucus-covered
proboscis, resembles acorn
or tongue
Burrow in sediment and feed
on sediment or filter feed
Elongated trunk with
pharyngeal openings
2012 New Hemichordate Worm
found
found about 1.5 miles (2.5
kilometers) beneath the
surface of the Atlantic
Ocean
has large lips on either side
of its head region that
reminded researchers of
the floppy-eared Stars
Wars character
full scientific name is Yoda
purpurata, or "purple
Yoda."
Discovered a new type of acorn worm,
scientists have. Named it after Yoda, they
did.
Researchers found the worm during the
ECOMAR research program, which uses a
remotely operated submersible to search for
new animals along the seafloor at the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge between Iceland and the
Azores.
Scientists are interested in these deep sea
species, because they are close to the
evolutionary link between vertebrates and
invertebrates.
In other words, the force is strong with them.
Phylum Chordata
Three subphyla unified by having a
notochord at some point in life cycle and
metameric tail
Notochord = densely packed muscle
fibrils enclosed by sheath in rod shape;
provides skeletal support
Metameric tail = repetition of similar
segments; extends beyond anus
Phylum Chordata Characteristics
Notochord
Gill slits or pharyngeal
pouches
Dorsal hollow nerve
cord
Postanal tail
Segmented muscles
Deuterostome

Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Evolutionary Adaptations of
Chordates
From filter feeding
ancestors to active
predators
Mobility
Oxygen capture
Digestion
Circulation
Nervous system
Skeletal Changes
Skeleton becomes
stronger to work
with bigger
muscles
Allows more rapid
movement
Oxygen Capture
Gill slit and
muscular pharynx
will move more
water over gills
More oxygen is
extracted from
water
Circulation
Stronger heart to
circulate blood
faster
Digestion
Digest more food
Muscularized
gut
Digestive
glands
Liver
Pancreas

Nervous System
More complex for
better
Motor control of
body to capture
food
Sensory detection
of the animals
environment
Integration centers
(brain)
Brain With Three Parts
Forebrain Midbrain
Hindbrain
Chordate Subphyla
Phylum. Chordata
Subphylum. Urochordata
Subphylum. Cephalochordata
Subphylum. Vertebrata

Subphylum Urochordata
3000 species of tunicates or sea squirts
Earliest derivative of chordate line
Adults bear no resemblance to other chordates,
but larval features indicate nerve cord and
notochord
These disappear during metamorphosis
Only chordate feature remaining = gill slits (filter
feed)
Subphylum Urochordata
Soft-bodied marine filter feeders
Wide variety of sizes, shapes, and colonial
structure
All have outer covering (tunic) containing
tunicin (cellulose-like) and in/ex-current
siphons

Sea Squirts
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Small group of 23 species of
lancelets or amphioxus
Fish-like and free swimming,
also burrow in sand with only
head protruding
Unique feeding apparatus for
suspension feeding (buccal
cirri/gill slits)
Resemble vertebrates more;
may represent living
descendants of vertebrates

Subphylum Cephalochordata
Amphioxus
Notochord length of
body
Dorsal hollow nerve
cord
Gill slits
Segmented muscles
Amphioxus
Subphylum Vertebrata
Around 49,000 species
of vertebrates
Significant not in size
or age of group, but its
morphological
diversity, structural
complexity, and
trophic dominance
Three novelties bind all
vertebrates
Subphylum Vertebrata
1. Neural crest tissue = specialized kind of
ectoderm that gives rise to nervous system,
retina, gill cartilage, and pigment cells
2. Enlargement of anterior end of neural tube
to form the brain
3. Endoskeleton = backbone composed of
vertebrae (bony/cartilaginous segments
replace notochord during development),
cranium (bony/cartilaginous housing for
brain), paired pectoral and pelvic
appendages
Subphylum Vertebrata
Characteristics
All are bilaterally symmetrical with regional
differentiation
Head region = houses sensory organs, brain, anterior
opening to digestive tract
Trunk region = body cavities that house viscera
Tail or caudal region = lacks viscera, but has muscles
and skeleton (function in locomotion, reduced, or
specialized)
Subphylum Vertebrata
Metamerism (serial repetition of body parts) limited
to trunk muscles, skeleton (vertebrae and ribs),
and the nerves associated with trunk
All have gills at some point in life cycle (breathing
organs or transient developmental structures)
Closed circulatory system = arteries move blood to
periphery from multi-chambered heart, veins move
blood from periphery to heart, capillaries
Myomeres associated with endoskeleton
Vertebrate Classes
Vertebrate Diversity
Major evolutionary innovations among
vertebrate groups fall into four
categories:

1. Musculoskeletal system
2. Nervous system
3. Respiratory/circulation systems
4. Nature of the egg

Musculoskeletal system
Most primitive in jawless vertebrates
(hagfish, lampreys), have reduced
braincase and cartilaginous gill-arch
supports
Hagfish = only notochord
Lamprey = notochord strengthened by
addition of small arches of cartilage in
anterior trunk segments and small blocks of
cartilage posteriorly--These are evolutionary
precursors to vertebrae!
Musculoskeletal system
All other vertebrates:
replacement of notochord
with bony* vertebrae--
articulate, protective
housing for nerve cord
development of
pectoral/pelvic
appendages (from fins to
limbs)
Musculoskeletal system
appearance of jaws associated with
braincase
*cartilage in sharks/rays-descended from
bony ancestors

Nervous System
Increased structural complexity allowed an
elaborate nervous system to evolve

Cephalization: elaboration of the anterior
end of spinal cord to form hollow brain and
sensory organs (protected by skull)

Peripheral nervous system: paired nerves
in every body segment (relay brains
messages to periphery)
Nervous System
Autonomic nervous system: function
automatically without voluntary control by
brain
Sympathetic: increases activity, slow
digestion
Parasympathetic: decreases activity,
stimulate digestion
This complementary system best
developed in mammals so they can
maintain metabolic activity while still able
to respond to external conditions
Respiration
Respiration:
Vertebrates require more oxygen than inverts,
birds/mammals = highest demands (endothermic)
Soft skin, moist environment (eel, amphibian) =
gas exchange across skin in addition to
respiratory organ
Gills or lungs = derived from the pharynx
Water pumped across gills, get gas exchange
Air breathed into lung, gas exchange across
epithelial lining
Respiration
Birds also have air sacs extending from
lungs into many parts of body
Mammals have diaphragm to forcefully
pull air in/expel air out

Circulation
Allied with respiratory system: transports
oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells and
removes wastes/carbon dioxide
All systems closed: heart, arteries, veins,
capillaries

Circulation
In gilled, 2-chamber heart: one atrium,
one ventricle, blood enters heart via
veins, leaves via aortic arches in gills
(gas exchange), blood proceeds to
rest of body

Circulation
In amphibians, aortic arches are
reduced and modified into vessels in
order to pass blood from lungs to 3-
chambered heart (atrium separated by
septum, one ventricle)

Circulation
In snakes and lizards, ventricle also has
septum (incomplete 4-chambers)
Circulation
In birds and mammals, complete
separation of oxygenated/deoxygenated
blood, 4-chambered heart, efficient system
with no mixing gives greater blood volume
and higher blood pressure (needed for
metabolic requirements)
Excretion
Kidneys = separate food/water from
excess salt/waste in blood

The Egg
Eggs enclosed by plasma membrane
internally and vitelline membrane externally
Fish and amphibian eggs pass down oviduct
where chitinous chorion or gelatinous
protein-polysaccharide material added
(anamniote egg = no amniotic membrane)
External fertilization; moist climate to
prevent desiccation
The Egg
Evolution of amniote egg: equipped with
extra membrane layers of protection
(amnion, yolk sac, chorion, allantois) as well
as a leathery/calcareous shell
In reptiles and mammals (monotremes);
fertilization internal; subject to predation
Marsupials and placental mammals retain
young internally (helps young develop to an
advanced stage before born)
The End