UNIT V

AC voltage controller and

cycloconverter
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4.1.1 Single-phase AC voltage controller
R
u 1 u o
i
o
VT
1
VT
2
u
O
u
1
u
o
i
o
VT
e
t
O
e
t
O
e
t
O
e
t
The phase shift range
(operation range of phase
delay angle):
0

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Resistive load, quantitative analysis

RMS value of output voltage


RMS value of output current


RMS value of thyristor current


Power factor of the circuit


( ) ( )
t
o t
o
t
e e
t
t
o

+ = =
}
2 sin
2
1
d sin 2
1
1
2
1 o
U t t U U
(4-1)

(4-2)
R
U
I
o
o
=

(4-3)
( ) )
2
2 sin
1 (
2
1 sin 2
2
1
1
2
1
t
o
t
o
e
e
t
t
o
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
R
U
t d
R
t U
I
T

(4-4)
t
o t
o
t

+ = = = = 2 sin
2
1
1
o
o 1
o o
U
U
I U
I U
S
P
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Inductive (Inductor- resistor) load , operation principle
R
L
u
1
u
o
i
o
VT
1
VT
2
O
u
1
u o
i o
u
VT
O
O
e
t
O
u G1
u
G2
O
O
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
The phase shift range:


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4.2 Other AC controllers
4.2.1 Integral cycle controlAC power controller








Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers.
Only the control method is different.
Load voltage and current are both sinusoidal when thyristors are conducting.

R
u 1 u o
i
o
VT
1
VT
2
t
M
Line period

Control period

= M *Line period

= 2 t
4
t
M
O
Conduction
angle

=
2
t
N
M
3
t
M
2
t
M
u o
u
1
u
o
, i
o
e
t
U
1
2
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4.3 Thyristor cycloconverters
4.3.1 Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter
Circuit configuration and operation principle


P N
Z
et
o
uo
ap=
2

Output
voltage

ap=0
Average
output voltage

ap=
2

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Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter
Modes of operation

t
t
t
t
t
O
O
O
O
O
u
o
, i
o
u
o
i
o
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
u
o
u
P
u
N
u o
i
P
i
N
u P
u N
u
o
i
o
i
N
i
P
blocking
P
N
Rectifi
cation

Inver
sion
blocking
Rectifi
cation

Inver
sion
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Typical waveforms


1
O
O
2
3
4
5
6
u
o
i
o
e t
e t
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Modulation methods for firing delay angle
Calculation method
For the rectifier circuit
t
t
o cos
d0 o
U u =
t U u
o om o
sine =
t t
U
U
o o
d0
om
sin sin cos e e o = =
) sin ( cos
o
1
t e o

=
(4-15)
For the cycloconverter
output

(4-16)
Equating (4- 15) and (4-16)


therefore


(4-17)
(4-18)
Principle of cosine
wave-crossing method

u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u1
ap3 ap4
uo
us2
us3 us4 us5 us6 us1
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Output voltage ratio
(Modulation factor)

) 1 0 (
0
s s =
d
om
U
U
t
2
2
t
t eo
t
3
t
2
0
30
60
90
120
150

Output voltage phase angle
o
/ ( )
=0
=0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.8
0.9
1.0
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4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter

The configuration with common input line

4-24
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The configuration with star-connected output


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Typical waveforms

200 t / ms
Output voltage

Input current with
Single-phase output

Input current with
3-phase output

200 t / ms
200 t / ms
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Input and output characteristics
The maximum output frequency and the harmonics in the output voltage
are the same as in single-phase circuit. Input power factor is a little
higher than single-phase circuit. Harmonics in the input current is a
little lower thanthe single- phase circuit due to the cancellation of some
harmonics among the 3 phases.
To improve the input power factor:
Use DC bias or 3k order component bias on each of the 3 output
phase voltages
Features and applications
Features:
Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Low output frequency
Low input power factor and bad input current waveform
Applications:
High power low speed AC motor drive
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4.4 Matrix converter
Circuit configuration


input
output
a) b)
a b c
u
v
w
S 1
1
S 1
2
S 1
3
S 2
1
S 2
2
S 2
3
S 3
1
S 3
2
S 3
3
S
ij
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Usable input voltage
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Features


Direct frequency conversionhigh efficiency can realize good input and
output waveforms, low harmonics, and nearly unity displacement
factor
Bidirectional energy flow, easy to realize 4- quadrant operation
Output frequency is not limited by input frequency
No need for bulk capacitor (as compared to indirect frequency converter)
Very complicatedtoo many power semiconductor devices
Output voltage magnitude is a little lower as compared to indirect
frequency converter.