p.

1
Temperature: measures the thermal energy of an object.
Heat: flow of thermal energy between objects with different
temperatures.
Types of Heat Transfer
conduction, convection, radiation
R-values for home insulation
Temperature and Phase Changes
Heating water and hurricanes
Thermal Efficiency of Heat Engine
Thermal energy is "low-quality" energy!
Topic 3: Thermal Energy and Heat
p. 2
Motivation: Coal-fired Power Plant
Order the types of energy that occur in a coal-fired power plant from
start-to-finish. (4-digit answer)
(a) electrical (b) chemical (c) thermal (d) mechanical
What approximate percentage of the original energy in the coal is
"lost to heat" in a typical power plant?
(a) 25% (b) 60% (c) 95%
p. 3
What is Temperature?
Thermometer
The molecules in hot air move than in cold air.
(a) slower (b) faster

p. 4
Celsius Scale
40 C = 104 F
35 C = 95 F
30 C = 86 F
25 C = 77 F
20 C = 68 F
15 C = 59 F
10 C = 50 F
5 C = 41 F
0 C = 32 F
REALLY hot day
H
2
O Boils
100 C
H
2
O
Freezes
0 C 32 F
212 F
Room Temp.
Water Freezes
Which temperature scale is more sensitive?
(a) Fahrenheit (b) Celsius
p. 5
Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction: Vibrations of atoms/molecules transfer heat.
(Atoms/molecules do NOT move from one region to another).
Convection: Air molecules move from hotter to colder regions.
Radiation: Objects radiate infrared electromagnetic waves, where hotter
objects radiate more energy.
Convection
Conduction
Radiation
p. 6
Types of Heat Transfer
Choose the type of heat transfer for each of the following examples:
When the sun shines through windows into a room and the room
temperature rises.
When hot air rises to higher altitudes.
When the Earth's atmosphere is warmed by the sun's rays.
(1) conduction (2) convection (3) radiation (3-digit answer)

p. 7
Heat Transfer and R-values
The R-value of a material is calculated from how it transfers heat.
R-values depend on the type and thickness of material.
If the thickness doubles, then the R-value doubles.
R-values of wall components are added together.
To make a better insulated wall, you should build it with material that
has a ________ R-value.
(a) higher (b) lower
p. 8
Total R-value of a Wall
To find the total R value of a wall, add the R values of each material
layer of the wall.
To find the R value of each layer, multiply its thickness (in inches) by
the R value for 1" of material.
What is the total R value for a wall made of 3" of plywood, 6" of
fiberglass, and 2" of foam?
Assume that the R values for 1" thickness are given by:
R(1" plywood) = 2, R(1" fiberglass) = 4, and R(1" foam) = 5


p. 9
Temperature Changes for Water
Specific heat (heat capacity) measures how much heat energy is required
to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 C (or 1 K).
It takes 1 kcal to heat 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C.
It takes about 0.5 kcal to heat 1 kg of solid ice or gas vapor by 1 C.
Which water phase has a higher heat capacity?
(a) liquid (b) gas vapor

Which water phase will have a smaller temperature increase if you add
10 kcal of heat?
(a) liquid (b) gas vapor
p. 10
Temperature Changes for Water
If you heated 0.3 kg of water (volume of a soda can) from 20 C to
100 C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)?
Remember that it takes 1 kcal to heat 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C.





If you heated 4 kg of water (~1 gallon) using 160 kcal of heat energy,
then what would be the temperature increase of the water (C)?



p. 11
Phase Changes
Watch this animation to review states of matter of water and
the energy changes associated with changing state.
p. 12
Phase Changes for Water
ICE: Molecules vibrate in a crystal structure.
Liquid: Molecules move but are still attracted to
each other.
Gas/Vapor: Molecules move fast and are far apart.
Which phase is less dense? (a) Ice (b) Liquid
Gas or Vapor
Attraction due to
charged atoms.
H
+
H
+
O

p. 13
Phase Changes for Water
What happens when ice cubes at 0 C are heated to 105 C?
Select the steps in the order that they occur. (4-digit answer)
(a) Ice at 0 C melts.
(b) Water vapor heats up from 100 to 105 C.
(c) Liquid water heats up from 0 C to 100 C.
(d) Liquid water at 100 C evaporates and becomes a gas (vapor).

Do you think each step above requires the same quantity of heat?
(a) yes (b) no
p. 14
Phase Changes for Water
During phase changes, the temperature remains constant until enough
energy has been added to complete a phase transition.
Which phase change requires more energy?
(a) ice-to-liquid (b) liquid-to-vapor
Temperature vs. Heat Added for 1 kg H
2
O
Liquid to Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
0 C
100 C
T
e
m
p
.


Heat Added
0 80 kcal 180 kcal 720 kcal
Ice to
Liquid
change = 540 kcal
p. 15
Phase & Temperature Changes for Water
Rank the energy changes for these steps from highest to lowest, i.e.,
the first choice will have the highest energy change. (3-digit answer)
(a) Step 1: Ice at 0 C melts to become liquid at 0 C.
(b) Step 2: Liquid water heats up from 0 C to 100 C.
(c) Step 3: Liquid water at 100 C evaporates to vapor at 100 C.
Liquid to Vapor
Liquid
Vapor
0 C
100 C
T
e
m
p
.


Heat Added
0 80 kcal 180 kcal 720 kcal
Ice to
Liquid
change = 540 kcal
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
p. 16
Phase & Temperature Changes for Water
It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 C, but only
0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C.
Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C,
and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C.
How many kcal are required to evaporate 2 kg of liquid water at 100 C?



How many kcal are required to raise the temp. of 2 kg ice by 20 C?

p. 17
Water Evaporation and Condensation
The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of water is _______ the
energy released when 1 kg of vapor condenses into liquid.
Assume that the water is at the same initial and final temperatures.
(a) less than (b) equal to (c) greater than

Condensation =
Liquid droplets
Evaporation =
Humid Air
p. 18
Phase & Temperature Changes for Cooling Water
A sample of water vapor at 110 C is cooled to 90 C.
The overall process is: (a) endothermic (b) exothermic
In what ORDER do the steps occur for this process? (3-digit answer)
(a) cooling of liquid water
(b) cooling of water vapor
(c) condensation of water vapor to liquid water
Rank the ENERGY changes for these steps from highest to lowest.
(3-digit answer)
(a) cooling of liquid water by 10 C
(b) cooling of water vapor by 10 C
(c) condensation of water vapor to liquid water
p. 19
Hurricanes: Water Evaporation and Condensation
What features of the hurricane did you see?
Hurricane Wilma movie (2005)
p. 20
Hurricanes: Necessary Conditions
WARM ocean water temperatures (> 80 F)! (stores ENERGY!!)
LOW PRESSURE core (creates circulation of moist air).
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
red = 85 to 95 F
p. 21
Hurricanes: Air Movement
Animation of Hurricane
Air Movement
Why does a hurricane have a spiral or rotating shape?
(a) Coriolis force (due to Earth's rotation) (b) Meniscus force
p. 22
Hurricanes = POWER!
Energy released via RAIN (condensation)
In one day, assume about rain falls over a
400-mile radius (~20 trillion kg H
2
O).
Multiply by the heat released during
condensation (600 kcal/kg or 2500 kJ/kg)
Equals power of about 600 TW !!!

How many times greater is this hurricane
power than worldwide power consumption?
(a) 2x (b) 10x (c) 40x

Grey (1981) via Chris Landsea (NOAA) - PBS NOVAscienceNOW site
600 TW !!!
p. 23
Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. Energy is conserved.
Energy can change forms, but is neither
created nor destroyed.
2. Disorder (or entropy) increases for a
spontaneous process.
Which is higher quality energy?
(a) electrical (b) thermal
Can 100 kJ of thermal energy be converted
into 100 kJ of electricity using a "heat
engine"?
(a) yes (b) no

High Quality Energy
Low Quality Energy
p. 24
Heat Engine and Maximum Efficiency
A heat engine extracts mechanical/electrical energy
when material flows between hot & cold reservoirs.
Maximum efficiency e of heat engine:



Temp. in Kelvin (add 273 to Temp. in C)
hot
cold
T
T
1 e LESS than 1 (or 100%)
To increase the efficiency of a heat engine with the cold reservoir at
room temperature, the hot reservoir should be:
(a) as hot as possible (b) just slightly above room temperature
p. 25
Calculation of Maximum Efficiency
Calculate the maximum efficiency of an engine operating between
27 C and 227 C.
(a) 0.12 (b) 0.4 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.6 (e) 0.88

T in Kelvin (add 273 to C)
If this engine extracted a total energy of 200 MJ from fuel, then how
many MJ of energy could be used as mechanical energy? (2-digit )
hot
cold
T
T
1 e
p. 26
Heat Engine in a Car
Order the types of energy in a car engine from start-to-finish.
(a) thermal (b) chemical (c) mechanical (3-digit answer)
Only 15% of gas energy is used
to move the car!
Tire Losses = 5%
Braking
Losses
5%
Air Resistance = 5%
Friction = 3%
Trans-
mission,
Drivetrain
18%
Kinetic
Energy
15%
Accessories
2%
Engine Friction = 18%
Thermodynamic
Losses = 62%
p. 27
Energy "Losses" for Car
Rank from highest to lowest the following energy losses for an
automobile: (3-digit answer)
(a) Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine
(b) Air resistance OR braking OR tire resistance (all about equal)
(c) Engine friction
Tire losses
5%
Braking
Losses
5%
Air Resistance
5%
Trans-
mission,
Drivetrain
18%
Kinetic
Energy
15%
Accessories
2%
Engine Friction = 18%
Thermo Losses = 62%
p. 28
Self Driving Cars and Fuel Efficiency
1. Self-Driving cars should be safer. (Google: 300k miles no accidents.)
33,500 fatalities in 2012: 10,300 involved alcohol impairment
5.3 million crashes.
2. Allows cars to draft to reduce drag.
2 car platoon reduces mpg by 10%
4 car platoon reduces mpg by 25%
Efficiency is maximum at 0.2 car length!
3. If crashes are significantly reduces, cars can be made much lighter.
4. Self-driven cars can reduce congestion.
Google Chauffeur has a policy that the
Human driver should control the car on
(a) Surface Streets (b) Freeways (c) Always
Video
p. 29
Challenges with Self Driving Cars
1. Will people put their lives in their computers hands?
2. Legal Liability: who is responsible when a self-driven car crashes?
3. Cars driven more heavily may have shorter lifespan.
4. May cause an increase total miles driven.
5. Increase urban sprawl.





*Would you trust a computer to drive your car?
(a) Yes (b) Maybe, after a few years (c) No