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A21.8 Example Problem: Wing


with cut-out subjected to torsion

Fig A21.35 shows a rectangular
single cell wing beam with four
stringers or flanges located at the
four corners

The upper surface skin is
discontinued in the center bay (2)

The wing is subjected to a
torsional moment of 80,000 inlb at
station (70) and a couple force at
station (50) as shown in fig A21.35

The problem will be to
determine the applied force
on rib (A)

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Solution:
The applied shear flow on
the cell walls will be found
for two cross sections of
the wing, one on each
side of rib (A)

In bay (1) the torsional
moment is 80,000 inlb.
The applied shear flow on
a cross section of the
wing in bay (1) thus
equals



80, 000
100 /
2 2 10 40
M
q lb in
A


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This applied shear flow system in bay (1) is shown in fig A21.36

In bay (2) the top skin is removed, therefore, the torsional moment must
be taken by the front and rear vertical webs, since any shear flow in the
bottom skin could not be balanced

The torsional moment in bay (2) is:
M = 80000 + 4000 10 = 120000 inlb

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The total applied shear load on each vertical web thus equals


Therefore, applied shear flow on the vertical web acting vertically up
= 3000/10 = 300 lb/in

The free body diagram shown below shows the internal shear flow on
bay (2) and applied shear flow on bay (1) on either side of rib A





actin
120, 0
g ver
00
3000 tically up
40
lb
3000 lb

3000 lb

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Figure 1 shows the external applied torsional moment in bay (1).
Figure 2 shows the applied torsional moment in bay (2) in terms of shear
loads acting in the spar webs
Figure 3 shows the direction of internal shear flow developed on either side
of rib A in response to the above applied loads
3000 lb

3000 lb

1

2

3

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300 lb

300 lb

100 lb

100 lb

The internal shear flows on spar webs on either
side of the rib A as shown here

Note here
that the
direction of
internal
shear flow
is shown
as
opposite to
the applied
shear flow

3000 lb

3000 lb

2

applied shear flow in bay 1

applied shear force in bay 2

The 100 lb/in internal
shear flow in the spar
web in bay (1)
changes to 300 lb/in
internal shear flow in
bay (2) as shown
here

This is only possible if
the rib web
(connected to spar
web) is pulled by a
shear flow of 200 lb/in
downwards as
indicated in the figure

200 lb

therefore this 200 lb/in is the applied
shear flow on the vertical side of the
rib web

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100 lb/in

100 lb/in

0 lb/in

Internal

applied

internal


The internal shear flow on the top skin in bay (1) is 100 lb/in as shown
here

On the other hand the internal shear flow on the top skin in bay (2) is zero
as skin is absent
Therefore, rib (A) must act as a barrier preventing the 100 lb/in shear flow
in bay (1) to cross over to bay (2)
In other words the internal shear flow on the top skin of bay (1) acts as an
applied shear flow on rib (A) in the opposite direction as shown in the
figure
Rib (A) is acting as dam to prevent the flow of water (shear flow) from bay
(1) to bay (2)
The same argument applies to the bottom skin
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If the internal shear flow of 100 lb/in on the top skin in bay
(1) has to reduce to zero shear flow in bay (2) what is the
required applied shear flow on the top of rib A?
The shear flow in bay (2) = internal shear flow in bay (1) +
applied shear flow on a rib (A)
0 = -100 + applied shear flow on rib (A)
Therefore,
Applied shear flow on
rib (A) = 100
As shown in this figure

100 lb/in

0 lb/in

Internal

internal



100 lb/in

100 lb/in

0 lb/in

Internal

applied

internal

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Fig A21.37 shows the boundary forces applied to rib (A)
when the torsion in bay (1) and external couple force are
transferred to the cross section of bay (2)

100 lb/in

applied


There are additional effects due to the disturbance in
shear flow pattern from bay (1) to bay (2) which must be
considered next

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Additional Effects due to
differential bending of beams in
bay (2)

The torsion in bay (1) and the
couple force are thrown off as
couple force on the front and rear
beam of middle bay (2) with total
shear load on each beam being
3000 lb as calculated. These
shear loads of bay (2) must be
transmitted to bay (3) thus
causing the bending of the beams
in bay (2)

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Since each beam is attached at its
both ends to relatively rigid box
structures of bay (1) and bay (3), the
beams tend to bend with no rotation of
their ends

Each beam behaves as a fixed-fixed
beam

Fig A21.38 (a) illustrates the deflection
of the front beam in bay (2) under the
assumption of no end rotation

The torsional moment of 120,000 in lb, is seen by bay (2) as if it is
created by a couple force of 3000 lb as shown above
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The beam elastic curve has a point of
inflection at the span mid-point

Fig A21.38 (b) and (c ) show the bending
and shear force diagrams of the beam

The applied end moments are



Assuming the beam flanges alone create
this applied bending moment the beam
flange loads




as shown in fig (a). The directions of load
P as shown is in the sense of applied
bending moment

The deflection of the rear beam would be
the reverse of fig (a) and thus all forces
would also be reversed
3000 30
45, 000
2 2
VL
M inlb


45000
4, 500
10
lb P
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The directions of applied
flange loads in bay (2) which
is equivalent to applied
torsion of 120,000 in lb are
shown here



Fig A21.39 shows the
directions of applied
flange forces in bay (1)
at rib (A) which creates
tension on the top flange
of the front beam in bay
(2)
Note that the directions of flange forces shown in these two
pictures are in the sense of applied twisting moment
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Fig A21.39 shows the
directions of applied
flange forces in bay (1) at
rib (A) which creates
tension on the top flange
of the front beam in bay
(2)


These applied axial load on the flanges at station 50 on
bay (1) must dissipate to zero at station 70 as station 70 is
subjected to pure torsional moment and therefore no axial
loads on the flanges can exist
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According to Saint Venant
principle the stresses resulting
from such an internal force
system will be negligible at a
distance from the forces

This distance, in case of a cut-
out, is usually assumed as
approximately equal to the
width of the cut-out or in
general to the width of the
adjacent bay

Thus in fig A21.39 the flange
applied load of 4500 lb is
assumed to dissipate to zero at
an uniform rate over a distance
of 20.
4500
225 /
20
lb in
applied

Thus the change in axial
applied load/in
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Fig A21.40 shows a segment 1
wide cut from bay (1) with the
applied P load on each flange
member

To find the applied shear flow
on the cross-section the front
web is first assumed cut and
thus the static shear flow
equation becomes q
S
= P
starting from the cut face where
q
S
= 0




The applied shear flow is shown
in fig A21.40
Fig A21.40
y o
P
q q
d


a
b
c
d
o
225
1 1
225
225 0
1 1
ab
bc ab
Pat a
q
d
Pat b
q q
d

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For equilibrium of the cross-section, the moments of forces in the plane
of the cross section must equal zero

Taking moments of only the inplane forces about the lower left corner:
M = 225 x 40 x 10 = 90000 inlb

For equilibrium a moment of -90000 in lb is necessary

Thus a constant shear flow q must added to develop a moment of -90000
inlb



90000
112.5
2 40 10
q inlb



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Adding this constant shear flow to
fig A21.40 the final applied shear
flow is shown in fig A21.41

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This applied shear flow force system is caused on
cross sections of bay (1) due to applied differential
bending of the beams on bay (2)


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This is the applied shear
flow in bay (1) due to
section to section
variation of applied axial
loads on the flanges of
the front and rear beams
The applied shear flow
shown in fig A21.41 acts
at each and every section
of bay (1) right up to rib
(A)

This applied shear flow
does not exist in bay (2).
Therefore the applied
shear flow loads on rib
(A) is as per fig A21.41

This is the additional applied shear flow on rib (A) due to applied differential
bending on front and rear beams in bending
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Therefore the applied shear flows in fig A21.41 are
the applied boundary loads to rib (A) and this must
be added to the rib (A) loads of fig A21.37

The final rib loads on rib (A) is shown in fig A21.42

This applied shear flow is due to
80,000 torsion in bay (1) and
vertical beam web load of 3000 lb
which is equivalent to the applied
torsion of 120,000 in lb

This applied shear flow is due to
variable axial loads on the beam
flanges which are due to flange
loads in bay (2) as a result of
differential bending
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With the final rib (A) loads known, the rib flange and
web stresses can be found as previously explained
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A21.9 Example problem: Wing with cut-out subjected to
bending and torsional loads:

Fig A21.43 shows a portion of a 4-stringer single cell
cantilever beam composed of 3 bays formed by 4-ribs

The loads on the structure consist of loads applied at the
end of bay (1) as shown

The areas of corner stringers a,b,c, and d as shown in ( )
adjacent to each stringer

The middle bay (8) has no skin on the bottom surface or
in other wards, the middle bay has a channel cross
section

It often happens in practical wings to provide space for
the retraced landing gear
The problem is to find the shear flows in bay (1) and bay
(2) and the boundary loads on rib (A) between (1) and (2)

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