Classification of network

Classification
of network
Local Area
Network
(LAN)
Metropolitan
Area Network
(MAN)
Wide Area
Network
(WAN)
The main differentiation among these
classifications is their area of coverage.
LAN, MAN and WAN compared
Classification of network
Overview
A LAN covers a relatively small area such as a
classroom, school, or a single building.
Example such as a home, school computer
laboratory, office building or closely
positioned group of buildings.
A network which consists of less than 500
interconnected devices across several
buildings, is still recognized as a LAN.

Easy to share devices
(printers, scanners, external drives)

Easy to share data
(homework, pictures)

Cost of LAN Setup is low.
Power - a good LAN is required to be on all
the times.
Security - each computer and device become
another point of entry for undesirables.

if all computers running at once, can reduce
speed for each.

Area covered is limited
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a high-
speed network that connects local area
networks in a metropolitan area
Example such as a city or town and handles
the bulk of communications activity
across that region.
Efficiency and shared access.
All the computer-owning residents
of the area have equal ability to go
on line.






It can be costly
(hardware, software, support, etc.)
Security problems
As the network consists of many
computers over the span of a city, the
connection can lag or
become quite slow.




A wide area network (WAN) is a network that
covers a large geographic area (such as a city,
country, or the world) using a communications
channel that combines many types of media
such as telephone lines, cables, and radio
waves thereby increasing cost.
It spans a larger area than a single city.
The internet is worlds largest WAN.
Increased efficiency
Ease of communication
Lowered costs.
Security problems
Training costs
Maintenance problems. Large
enterprises will dedicate personnel to
maintaining their WAN.
Cost
Network
Size
Speed
Number of
computer
Low Small
Fastest

Smallest

High Larger Slower Large
Higher

Largest

Slowest

Largest

LAN
MAN
WAN
Mobile communication is needed.
Communication must take place in a terrain
that makes wired communication difficult or
impossible.
A communication system must be deployed
quickly.
Communication facilities must be installed at
low initial cost.
The same information must be broadcast to
many locations.
Network which has interconnections between
nodes without using wires/physical
connection.
It uses radio waves as its carrier.
Types of Wireless Networks :
Wireless LAN
Wireless MAN
Wireless WAN

Links two or more devices over a short
distance
Uses a wireless distribution method
Providing a connection through an access
point for Internet Access

Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
Wireless network that connects several
wireless LANs.

Covers large geographical areas
Circuits provided by a common carrier
Consists of interconnected switching nodes
Traditional WANs provide modest capacity
64000 bps common
Business subscribers using T-1 service 1.544 Mbps
common
Higher-speed Wireless WANs use satellite , and
10s of Mbps common

Tushar Kumar Singh
Roll no. 9
Group No. 2
The architecture of a network describes its
logical or conceptual arrangement in terms of
how information is distributed across the
network
The topology of a network describes the
physical arrangement and configuration
pertaining to actual connections and links
between the nodes
Network architecture describes how nodes
interact with each other for processing and
data.
Network architectures can be described as
follows :

Network
Architecture
Client-Server
Architecture
Two Tier
Architecture
Three Tier
Architecture
Multi Tier
Architecture
Peer-to-Peer
Architecture
P2P Networks
The client directly interacts with the Data
Server
Application/Processing logic is manifested in
the client and hence its called a Fat Client
There is an additional application server
which hosts the application/processing logic
The client is free of processing logic and
hence its called a thin client

Its simply an extension of the 3-tier
architecture
The functionality of application and data
servers is divided across multiple servers

This architecture does not have separate
servers
The clients serve as both the clients as well as
servers
Processing as well as data are distributed
Client-Server
Architecture
Peer-to-Peer
Architecture
Processing power and
data are centralized
More secured as data
resides in centralized
servers
Scalability is limited as
one server can serve
finite number of
requests
E.g Email, Corporate
Applications
Processing power and
data are distributed
Security is an issue as
data travels across
multiple nodes
As every client can
serve as a server as
well, scalability is not
an issue
E.g BitTorrent
The topology of a network is a physical
description of how various nodes are linked
to each other
Various topologies exist but the main ones
are as follows
Bus Ring Star
Mesh Tree
Every system is linked to a central backbone
connection called the Bus
Any packet of information is transmitted across the
entire bus. The intended recipient receives the
packet and others ignore it
Maintenance is easy but a single breakage in the
backbone disrupts the whole network
Every node in the system is connected to two nodes
Every data packet passes through the entire
network and the intended recipient accepts the
packet; others simply ignore it
A single breakage in the network renders the entire
network non-functional
Every node is connected to a central hub
Every data packet in the network passes through
the central hub which relays the packet to the
intended recipient
A single breakage in the system affects only one
node but a fault in the hub disrupts the entire
network
A mesh provides for multiple connections between
two nodes
A completely connected mesh provides n(n-1)/2
connections between 2 nodes of the network
Even in case of failure in a single path, multiple
alternatives may be available for the node to stay
connected
The number of routes in a complete mesh grows
exponentially with the number of nodes
Since such a gigantic number of paths may not be
needed, a reduced version of mesh is more
desirable in case of large number of nodes
E.g Hypercube architecture
A tree topology organizes nodes in a tree like
structure where each node may be connected to
multiple sub-trees of node networks
A minimum of three levels of nodes is needed to
realize a tree topology
If a failure occurs near the central nodes, a
substantial part of the network will be affected
A network protocol is a standard according to
whose specifications, nodes over a network
exchange data amongst themselves
A network protocol is a set of data formats and
specifications which form a standard for
communication over that network
A network protocol ensures that different entities
over the network are able to communicate, hence
makes the system platform independent
Various network protocols exist for the Internet
TCP/IP stack, Bluetooth Protocols, Routing
Protocols, Telnet etc.

This is a standard network protocol which
divides entire node to node communication in
seven core layers
Each layer uses services of the layer beneath
and provides services to the layer above
Each layer adds its own encapsulation to the
network packets
OSI is simply an abstract model and various
networking protocols work together at
various layers of OSI to achieve
communication
Specifies the physical as
well as electrical
configurations of the
connection between the
nodes
Is concerned about the
bits and signals that are
transmitted across the
communication medium
Also specifies the
communication medium
itself(ie coaxial, twisted
pair etc.)
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Specifies the physical addressing
within the network
Organizes bits into frames and
deals with transmission of
frames
This layer is responsible for
physical addressing
The MAC sublayer ensures that
multiple nodes communicate on
a multiple access network by
virtue of their MAC addresses
The LLC sublayer makes sure
that multiple Network layer
protocols are able to interact
with the underlying protocols
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
This layer is responsible for
logical addressing
Routers work at this layer
and transmit packets from
one network to the other
IPv4/IPv6 addressing is
applied to packets so that
they could travel across
different networks
This layer provides the
quality of service(QoS)
requested by the transport
layer
A lot of additional protocols
work at this layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Responsible for reliable
and error free
communication between
two nodes
Segmentation and
reassembly of packets
takes place here
TCP(Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP(User
Datagram Protocol) work
at this layer
Can keep track of
segments and can
retransmit those which fail

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Responsible for initiation,
continuity and termination
of sessions between two
nodes
Is responsible for
determining the type of
session operation(full-
duplex,half-duplex or
simplex)
Also responsible for
session checkpointing and
restart operations
Provides session services
to above applications
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Responsible for the
platform independence on
the Internet
Different node specific
formats are translated into
network formats and
encapsulated as session
layer packets
Provides independence
from data representation
Is also known as the
Syntax Layer
E.g conversion from and
to XML
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Caters to application
components which are
dependent on network for
information
Is the closest layer to the
User
Requirement of
communication resources
is represented at this layer
Synchronization of
information between
application and OSI is also
represented at this layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Thin Clients are those individual users who can do
simple tasks such as surfing on their devices.
Thin Clients can be Desktops, Laptops, Smartphones
and Tablets.
Internet- based computing in which large
group of remote severs are networked so as
to allow sharing of data processing tasks
(Office 365), centralized data storage
(DropBox) and online access to computer
services or resources ( Amazon EC2).

Cloud computing gives the user flexibility to
be a Thin Client and access its various
services as shown below.
Cloud services can be used by any thin client
which has a net connection and a web
browser (Opera Mini, Chrome, Firefox) etc.



Cloud.txt
Elasticity and scalability: The cloud can be scaled upward for
peak demand and downward for lighter demand.

Self-service provisioning: You request an amount of
computing, storage, software, process, or more from the
service provider. After you use these resources, they can be
automatically removed.

Standardized interfaces: A standardized interface lets the
customer more easily link cloud services together.

Billing and service usage metering: Pay-as-you-go model
means usage is metered and you pay only for what you
consume.


Used by end users
Software delivery method that provides access to
software and it functions remotely as a Web-based
service
Allows organizations to access business
functionality at a cost typically less than paying for
licensed applications
Used by developers
Provides you computing platforms which
typically includes operating system,
programming language execution
environment, database, web server etc.
Eg: Google App Engine

Used by system administrators
A model in which an organization outsources
the equipment used to support operations,
including storage, hardware, servers and
networking components.
Eg: Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and
Instagram

Cost Efficient
Ease of Access
Backup and Recovery
Quick Deployment
Automatic Software Integration

Technical Issues
Downtime
Availability
Reliability

Security
Companys Sensitive data is shared

Prone to Cyber Attacks



Enterprises used to spend about 32% of their IT budget on
in-house hardware in 2011, but that is down to 24% in 2012

Gartner estimates that $326 million (Rs 1,760 crore) worth
of cloud computing services were consumed in India,
including software and hardware

Less than one in ten enterprises have adopted cloud
computing at present, but the market is expected to grow at
an average of 50% every year till 2015

A research study conducted by Zinnov Management
Consulting reveals that private cloud in India will help save
Indian companies up to 50% of their infrastructure costs and
will also create more than 1 lakh jobs by 2015