AUXILARY POWER SUPPLY

FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC

VEHICLES


k.HARIKA
13T81D4305
Contents
My seminar mainly deals with
1. Introduction to HEV
2. Identification of Requirements and Problems
3. Summary about basic and traditional power electronics circuits.
4. Proposal of new circuit structures.
5. Circuit design- example
6. Comparison between new circuit and traditional circuit
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Introduction To HEV
A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) employs a high voltage battery
pack as an alternative power source and energy storage device to
provide drive power during acceleration and reserve energy during
vehicle braking.

Auxiliary power supply in HEV converts high voltage DC power
from the traction battery to utility standard AC power to accommodate
customer appliance such as laptops, video games, hair dryers, and
power tools.

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Typical system structure of HEV

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Challenges And Requirements
In the current and future HEVs, cost and size decide the feasibility of
any proposed power electronics system.

The biggest challenge of realizing the HEV auxiliary power supply is
to achieve low cost with small package.

Among all the electrical characteristics, efficiency and Total
Harmonics Distortion (THD) are the two most important ones for HEV
auxiliary power supply.

For HEV auxiliary power supply, pure sinusoidal output or modified
sine wave with low THD value is needed.
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Existing Circuit Structure And
Related Problem

The high voltage based auxiliary power supply is new to HEV, there is
not a fixed name for it in the literatures. The idea of auxiliary power
supply sometime is also called as Mobile Electric Power.

Different circuit structures that were proposed before:
On board power generation
Generation of constant ac voltage by utilizing voltage difference
between the neutral point of two traction motors.
On board power generation
In this method when the vehicle is stationary, one traction
motor/generator together with its inverter would be controlled to work
as a DC power generator and the open winding motor/generator and its
inverter will operate as a three phase dc/ac inverter with filter.

By this generating power utilizing stored energy, users can operate
tools, and electric hydraulic systems with a reduced impact on
residential users from a noise and emissions stand point.

The military can also benefit from vehicle on-hoard power generation
because it reduces the need for tactical portable motor-generator sets.
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MEP system configuration
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Applications
The reuse of several components of the hybrid traction system makes
the MEP function cost effective.
If power generation is required while the vehicle is moving, an inverter
and filter independent from the traction system will have to be connected
to the DC bus.
Generation of constant ac voltage

In constant ac voltage was generated by utilizing voltage difference
between the neutral point of the two traction motors in hybrid vehicle.

The advantage of this method is that no additional circuit or major
circuit change is needed to generate ac power required by customer
appliance.

But this method involves complex control and adds more burden and
more failure possibilities to the traction inverters.
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All these proposed ideas are good concepts but are not practical for
all the possible vehicle operation states.

Auxiliary power supplies in production hybrid vehicles are all
stand alone units with the dc-ac-transformer-ac-dc-ac structure.

It has been mentioned that there are two output options for this
type of inverters :
modified sine waveform
pure sine waveform
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Inverter circuits opted to obtain
sine wave
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Proposed New Circuit Structure
The proposed new circuit structure mainly consists of :
General circuit structure:
Compared with 2- level inverters, multilevel inverter usually can
satisfy the THD requirement with much lower switching frequency.

Auxiliary power supply with cascaded multilevel inverter is good for
dual transformer or transformer with two secondary windings.

For single transformer circuit structure, diode clamped multilevel
inverter and capacitor clamped multilevel converter can be used.
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PWM Strategy and THD Comparison

With proper PWM strategy and good THD performance, the traditional output
LC filter can be minimized.

Basically, the PWM waveform for the two phases in the same H-bridge will be
generated based on the same triangular carrier and two modulation waveforms
with same amplitude but 180 degree phase difference.

In the cascade structure, there is an angle difference between the carriers for
the upper unit and lower unit.

The lower unit carrier is 90 degree lagging from the upper unit carrier.

The calculation results show that even at 20 kHz switching and the THD for
the traditional inverter would be 3 times higher than in the cascade multilevel
inverter.

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Design example:

Circuit parameters
Transformer turns ratio: The transformer turns ratio is decided by the
minimum input voltage and desired DC voltage at the DC bus for
the cascade H-Bridge unit.

Switching device voltage rating: The voltage ratings for the MOSFET at
transformer primary side and diodes at transformer secondary side
are decided by maximum HV battery voltage.

Capacitors for the DC link: The best choice for the DC link capacitor
would be electrolytic capacitors.

Output filter parameter: the film capacitor used in the filter at this voltage
level is usually very bulky and expensive.



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Switching frequency:
The key issues with switching frequency for the cascade multilevel inverter
are THD before output filter and switching loss.
The traditional inverters at this voltage and power level are
always designed to be switching higher than 20 kHz.

Cost comparison:
Primary side and transformer: The cost and size for primary capacitor,
MOSFETs, and the transformer itself would be almost identical for the
traditional and proposed circuit.
Secondary capacitor: for the proposed circuits, to maintain the same voltage
ripple on the DC bus as in the traditional inverter, the total capacitance
would be four times of the capacitance in traditional inverter.
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Secondary switching devices: Take the example of the MOSFETs, it is well
known that lower voltage rated silicon device would have higher current density
than the higher voltage rated device.
In this sense, even when the cascade multilevel inverter has higher
device count, the require silicon die area may still be at the similar level of
traditional inverter.

Overall comparison: The above analysis shows that the major switching device
cost would be similar for the traditional inverter and proposed circuit.
But the output filter in the cascade structure would be much smaller
than the output filter in the traditional inverter.
In total, with the smaller output filter and cooling structure, the
proposed inverter structure would cost neutral or lower than the traditional
inverter.
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Graphical Representations
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Expected results
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Conclusion
This topic systemically introduces the issues and challenges related
with the HEV auxiliary power supply.
Requirements and problems are identified. Current studies on this topic
are summarized.
New multilevel inverter based circuit structures are proposed.
The study of PWM strategy VS. THD shows great opportunity to
reduce switching frequency and at the same time reduce the size of the
output filter.
Comparison between the proposed circuit and traditional circuit shows
that the proposed circuit would have higher efficiency, higher power
density, and potentially lower cost.
A design example with simulation results for the proposed circuit is
presented to demonstrate viability.
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References
1. J.M. Miller, "Propulsion systems for hybrid vehicles", IEE Power &
Energy Series vol 45, Dec. 2003
2. Stancu, C.; Hiti, S.; Mundt, E, "Mobile electric power for medium
and heavy duty hybrid electric vehicles" Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, PESC 04. Volume 1, 20-25 June 2004 Page(s):228 - 234
3. Kjaer, S.B.; Blaabjerg, F.; "Design optimization of a single phase
inverter for photovoltaic applications" Power Electronics Specialist
Conference, PESC '03. Volume 3, 15-19 June 2003 Page(s):1183 -
1190
4. Oyobe, H.; Nakamura, M.; Ishikawa, T.; Sasaki, S.; Minezawa,
Y.;Watanabe, Y.; Asano, K.; "Development of ultra low-cost, high-
capacity power generation system using drive motor and inverter for
hybrid vehicle" Industry Applications Conference, 2005. Volume 3, 2-
6 Oct.
5. Seung-Ki Sul; Sang-Joon Lee; "An integral battery charger for four-
wheel drive electric vehicle" Industry Applications, IEEE Volume 31,
Issue 5, Sept.-Oct. 1995 Page(s):1096 1099.
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THANK YOU