Formation evaluation and well log

correlation
S WAP N I L PAL
IMT GEOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Overview
Well log definition and its importance
Fundamentals of qualitative and quantitative log interpretation
Formation evaluation with well logs
Processing and interpretation of well log data
Conclusion

Well log
The continuous
recording of a
geophysical parameter
along a borehole
produces a
geophysical well log.
The value of the
measurement is
plotted continuously
against depth in the
well.

Basic Logs Tools and their

Measurements
Gamma Ray
log

Basic Logs Tools and their

Measurements
Calliper log

Basic Logs Tools and their

Measurements
Electrical log

Basic Logs Tools and their

Measurements
Density log

Basic Logs Tools and their

Measurements
Neutron log

Petrophysical Interpretation
Qualitative assessment

Quantitative assessment

Assessment of
reservoir
properties, fluid type
form log pattern.

Numerical estimation
of
reservoir properties
viz. % of oil, water etc.

Basic steps for quick look

evaluation

Gas
bearing
Hydrocarbo
n bearing
Oil
bearing

Reservoi
r

Water
bearing

ROCK

NonReservoir

Qualitative Interpretation
Identification of Reservoir or Non-reservoir

Low gamma ray

(Reservoir rock)

Qualitative Interpretation
Identification of hydrocarbon or water bearing zone

Low gamma ray

+
High Resistivity value

Qualitative Interpretation
Identification of oil or gas bearing zone
Low gamma ray
+
High Resistivity value
+
Large deviation in RHOB and NPHI value
(cross-over region)

Qualitative Interpretation

Gas bearing zone

Oil bearing zone

Water bearing zone

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of effective porosity &
permeability.
Estimation of volume of clay fraction.
Estimation of hydrocarbon saturation.
Determination of the depth and thickness
of net pay.
Estimation of reserves of hydrocarbon.

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
gas bearing zone
Depth
(m)

Vsh

PHID

PHIdc

PHIN

PHInc

effective
(Gas)

1940 0.710526 0.278788 0.106539

0.46 0.175789 0.145349

1945 0.078947 0.418182 0.399043

0.09 0.058421 0.285174

1948 0.052632 0.381818 0.369059

0.07 0.048947 0.263249

1950 0.039474 0.424242 0.414673

0.06 0.044211

0.29488

1953 0.039474 0.484848 0.475279

0.14 0.124211

0.34736

1957 0.697368 0.327273 0.158214

0.33 0.051053 0.117554

1958 0.644737 0.266667 0.110367

0.41 0.152105 0.132885

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
oil bearing zone
Depth
(m)

Vsh

PHID

PHIdc

PHIN

PHInc

effective
(Gas)

1970 0.657895 0.236364 0.076874

0.36 0.096842 0.086858

1972 0.644737 0.218182 0.061882

0.325 0.067105 0.064494

1974 0.118421 0.272727 0.244019

0.19 0.142632 0.193325

1976 0.460526 0.272727 0.161085

0.34 0.155789 0.158437

1978 0.276316 0.254545

0.22 0.109474 0.148517

0.18756

1980 0.434211 0.272727 0.167464

0.275 0.101316

0.13439

1982 0.263158 0.284848 0.221053

0.24 0.134737 0.177895

1984 0.723684 0.254545 0.079107

0.43 0.140526 0.109817

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of porosity
water bearing zone
Depth (m)

Vsh

PHID

PHIdc

2025

0.236842

0.278788

0.212759

2028

0.565789

0.230303

0.1

2029

0.328947

0.212121

0.142344

2030

0.276316

0.260606

0.188596

2031

0.342105

0.242424

0.15949

2034

0.394737

0.278788

0.16874

2035

0.223684

0.260606

0.202313

2036

0.223684

0.260606

0.202313

2037

0.197368

0.236364

0.189713

Quantitative Interpretation
Estimation of hydrocarbon saturation
Can not be measured directly but inferred from
determination of WATER SATURATION (Sw) from
RESISTIVITY and POROSITY logs.
Sw Fraction of pore space occupied by water.
Sh Fraction of pore space occupied by
hydrocarbon.

S h + Sw = 1
Oil
Water

Quantitative Interpretation
Archies equation

Quantitative Interpretation
Calculation of formation water resistivity : Rw
Using Inverse Archies equation

Depth

Rt

Rw

2025

0.95

0.073837

2028

0.7

0.037128

2029

0.1

0.0045

2030

0.8

0.054332

2031

0.9

0.052893

2034

0.7

0.054406

2035

0.7

0.047541

2036

0.7

0.047541

2037

0.85

0.047488

Water bearing zone

Rw= 0.05, this is used in Archies equation to calculate water

saturation in oil and gas bearing zone

Quantitative Interpretation
Calculation of water saturation in oil and gas zones
Depth
1940
1945
1948
1950
1953
1957
1958
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984

PHId
0.2787
88
0.4181
82
0.3818
18
0.4242
42
0.4848
48
0.3272
0.2363
73
64
0.2666
0.2121
67
21
0.2727
27
0.2727
27
0.2545
45
0.2727
27
0.2909

Rt
0.65
15
35
48
33
0.9
0.85
1
1.5
2
4
2.9
3
1.2
0.8

Sw
(Archie)
0.99484
3
0.13806
2
0.09899
1
0.07607
6
0.08028
3
0.94602
0.72020
9
1
0.86070
0.90950
7
9
0.57975
1
0.40994
6
0.51584
7
0.47336
5
0.70167

1.2
1
0.8

Sw: water saturation

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1930

1940

1950

1960

Depth (m)

1970

1980

1990

Qualitative Interpretation
V/s
Quantitative Interpretation

1.2
1 bearing zone
Gas
0.8
Sw: water saturation 0.6
0.4
0.2

Oil
0 bearing zone

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Depth (m)

Hurray!
Oil
found!!

Water bearing zone

Conclusion
Well logs contains key information about the formation
drilled in different petro-physical measurements. i.e.

Prospective zones of hydrocarbon.

Reservoir type and thickness.
Estimation of Porosity, permeability.
Fluid type present in the pores and saturation level.

To economically establish the existence of

producible hydrocarbon reservoirs (oil &
gas).

References
Archie II: Electrical conduction in hydrocarbon bearing zone. (n.d.). In
Rock Physics (Vol.
36).
Archie III: Electrical conduction in shaly sand. (n.d.). In Rock Physics (Vol.
1).
Archie's law: Electrical conduction in clean, water bearing rock. (n.d.). In
Rock
physics/History (Vol. 36).
Halliburton. (n.d.). Log Interpretation Charts.
M H Rider. (1991). The Geological Interpretation of well logs. Glasgow:
Whittes Publishing.
(1989). Open hole well logging Interpretation. Texas: Schlumberger
Wireline & Testing.
Serra, O. (1984). Fundamentals of well log interpretation. Amsterdam:
Elsevier.

Thank you