DUCTILITY ENHANCEMENT

OF R.C. COLUMNS USING

FRP COMPOSITES
MAJOR PROJECT

By,
Vijay N. Garchar
(06MCL004)
Guided by,
Prof. U.V.Dave

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Ahmedabad 382481
May 2008 1
INTRODUCTION

• Ductility is defined by the ratio of the total imposed

displacement Δ at any instant to that at the concept of
yield Δy.
∆
µ= 〉1
∆y

The primary aim of the detailing of composite structures,

Produce ductile members, which are capable of meeting
the inelastic deformation demands imposed by severe
earthquakes.

2
EFFECT OF DUCTILITY ON R.C. COLUMNS

• Improve the behavior of the building primarily by

reducing the forces in the structure.
• Serves as a shock absorber in structure and reduces
the transmitted force to one that is sustainable
3
FACTORS AFFECTING COLUMN DUCTILITY

Ductility Increases in following cases,

1. Shear Strength
2. Axial Compressive Stress
3. Ultimate Strain of Concrete
4. Axial Compressive Stress
5. Ultimate Strain of Concrete
6. Yield Strength of Steel
7. Transverse Reinforcement

4
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE

• Resistance of Structure to sustain forces during

earthquakes.
• To impart ductility in RC Columns using FRP
material along with steel and concrete i.e.
Composites Material.
• To study Behavior of Different FRP composites
& RC Columns under different loadings.

5
DUCTILITY ENHANCEMENT OF R.C. COLUMNS

• Increasing Transverse Reinforcement

• Steel Jacket confinement
• FRP confinement

6
INCREASING TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

7
STEEL JACKET CONFINEMENT

8
ADVANTAGES OF FRP COMPOSITES

• Increase Structure Service Life

• Resistance to Salts and other Corrosive Agents
• Reduce Field Installation Time and Light Weight
• Reduce Traffic Delays due to Faster Construction
Especially in Bridge
• Corrosion Resistance
• Allow Greater Vehicular Load due to Weight
Reduction

9
ADVANTAGES OF FRP COMPOSITES
1. Light weight,
2. Nonmagnetic,
3. High strength to weight ratio,
4. High impact strength,
5. Directional strength,
6. High dielectric strength insulator
7. Corrosion resistance,
8. Low maintenance,
9. Weather resistance,
10.Long term durability,
11.Dimensional stability,
12.Part consolidation,
13.Low thermal conductivity,
14.Small to large part geometry possible,
15.Low coefficient of thermal expansion,
16.Tailored surface finish, and
10
17.Radar transparency.
SCOPE OF WORK

SCOPE OF WORK

EXPERIMENTAL ANALYTICAL

11
SCOPE OF WORK

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

CIRCULAR SQUARE

12
SCOPE OF WORK

LOADING CONDITIONS

AXIAL AXIAL ECCENTRIC

CYCLIC

WRAPPING MATERIAL

GLASS CARBON
FIBERS FIBERS 13
SCOPE OF WORK
36 Columns
Shape

Square (18) Circular (18)

Loading

Axial (6) Cyclic (6) Eccentric (6)

FRP
Material

UN GFRP CFRP UN Wrapped GFRP CFRP UN GFRP CFRP

Wrapped (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Wrapped (2) (2)
(2) (2)
Loading

Axial (6) Cyclic (6) Eccentric

FRP (6)
Material

UN GFRP CFRP UN GFRP CFRP UN GFRP CFRP

Wrapped (2) (2) Wrapped (2) (2) Wrapped (2) (2)
(2) (2) (2)

14
SCOPE OF WORK
Name of Specimen Unwrapped Square Circular Eccentric Cyclic AXIAL CFRP GFRP

CTA1  . .  . . .  . . .
CTA2  . .  . . .  . . .
CTE1  . .  .  . . . . .
CTE2  . .  .  . . . . .
CTAC1  . .  . .  . . . .
CTAC2  . .  . .  . . . . Notation of Specimen :
STE1  .  . .  . . . . .
STE2  .  . .  . . . . . C Circular
STAC1  .  . . .  . . . .
STAC2  .  . . .  . . . . S Square
STA1  .  . . . .  . . .
STA2  .  . . . .  . . .
T Control specimen
SGFA1 .  . . . .  . .  .
CF CFRP Wrapped Specimen
SGFA2 .  . . . .  . .  .
CGFA1 . .  . . .  . .  . GF GFRP Wrapped Specimen
CGFA2 . .  . . .  . .  .
SGFAC1 .  . . .  . . .  . A Axially Loaded Column
SGFAC2 .  . . .  . . .  .
CGFAC1 . .  . .  . . .  .
AC Axially Cyclic Loaded Column
CGFAC2 . .  . .  . . .  .
Specimen
SGFE1 .  . .  . . . .  .
SGFE2 .  . .  . . . .  . E Eccentrically Loaded Specimen
CGFE1 . .  .  . . . .  .
CGFE2 . .  .  . . . .  . SGFAC GFRP wrapped, Axially cyclic Loaded
SCFA1 .  . . . .  .  . .
SCFA2 .  . . . .  .  . .
Square Column Specimen
CCFA1 . .  . . .  .  . .
CCFA2 . .  . . .  .  . .
SCFAC1 .  . . .  . .  . .
SCFAC2 .  . . .  . .  . .
CCFAC1 . .  . .  . .  . .
CCFAC2 . .  . .  . .  . .
SCFE1 .  . .  . . .  . .
SCFE2 .  . .  . . .  . .
CCFE1
CCFE2
.
.
.
.


.
.


.
.
.
.
.
.


.
.
.
.
15
MATERIAL USED IN COLUMNS

1. CONCRETE GRADE – M25

Water Cement Sand Coarse Aggregates

0.45 1 1.27 2.26

1. Longitudinal Reinforcement
1. Fe-415 – Square Columns – 4 Nos.
2. Fe-250 – Circular Columns – 8 Nos.

2. Transverse Reinforcement
Fe-250 – Square & Circular Columns @ 150 mm c/c

16
GEOMETRY OF SECTION

Geometry of section is decided based on extensive literature review

8 – 6 mm Dia bars

100 mm

1000 mm
6 mm @ 150 mm c/c
4 – 10 mm Dia bars

100
mm

6 mm @ 150 mm c/c 1000 mm

17
PARAMETERS MEASURED

1. Ultimate Failure Load of Axially and eccentric loaded columns.

Ultimate Failure Load of Axial cyclic loaded columns.

2. Cracking pattern of wrapped and unwrapped columns.

3. Strain measurement at external of surface of FRP.

4. Strain measurement at intermediate height of columns.

5. Ultimate stress carried by confined and unconfined concrete

column.

18
PARAMETERS STUDIED

1. Comparative study of axial and eccentric loaded circular and

square columns.

2. Efficiency of wrapping material base upon geometry of columns

under different loading conditions.

3. Ductility measurement of wrapped and unwrapped columns and

comparison of the same under different loading conditions.

4. Comparisons of experimental and analytical results for axially

loaded circular and square columns.

5. Measurement of Specific Damping Capacity (SDC), Stiffness

Degradation & Energy Dissipation under Axial Cyclic Loading.
19
ANALYTICAL SCOPE OF WORK

• Axial load of column wrapped with CFRP &

GFRP composites for Square and Circular
columns.
• Analytical Pu – Mu curve

20
LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review has been done based on classification

of paper according to the following topics.
•Parametric study by various Researchers
•Eccentrically loaded column
•Confinement model
•Corner radius effect
•Wrapping techniques
•Test setup for Eccentrically loaded columns

21
LITERATURE REVIEW
Researchers Size of Specimens Corner Radius FRP ff(MPa) Ef(MPa) fco (MPa)
(mm) Type

Mirmiran et al.[21] 153 x 153 x 305 3.65 GT 524 - 641 37.2 – 40.7 40.6

Mohamed [22] 132 x 132 x 300 30 CC 3500 230 18.3

102 x 176 x 300 30 GS 3500 230 15.2
79 x 214 x 300 3500 230
Youssef, et al. [23] 152 x 305 - CC - 248 27.58
- GS 248 34.47
Wang, et al. [6] 150 x 150 x 300 15 CC 4364 230 31.7 – 52.1
150 x 150 x 300 30
150 x 150 x 300 45
60
75
Berthet et al. [24] 160 x 320 - CC 3200 230 25 -
GS 2500 74 170
Lau et al. [25] 100 x 200 - GS 1100 39 24
Labossie[26] 152 x 152 x 500 5, 25, 38 CC 1265 82.7 35.7 -43.9
152 x 203 x 500 5, 25, 38 AS 230 13.6
152 x 152 x 500
Parvin [27] 108 x 108 x 305 8.3 CC 3022 188.9 22.5
Shahawy et al. [28] 152.5 x 305 - CC 3654 207 20.7 – 41.7
200 x 200 x 400 -
Hosotani et al.[29] 200 x 200 x 600 30 CC 4433 252 38
200 x 200 x 600 30 HS 3972 439 38
Zhao [30] 100 x 100 x 300 5 CC 1800 221 26.8 – 35.5

Matthys et al. [31] 400 x 2000 - CC 2600 198 31.8 22

GS 39.1
LITERATURE REVIEW

• It has been revealed from extensive literature

review that in following research is needed in
following areas
1. Eccentrically Loaded Columns
2. Axial Cyclic Loaded Columns

23
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hadi (2007)

Knife Edge Plate System 24

Knife Edge
Plate System

25
26
LITERATURE REVIEW

27
Parveen et al.

Knife Edge
Plate System
28
LITERATURE REVIEW

Mander et al.
Shao et al.
Sheikh
Baris et al.
Lin et al.
Hoshikuma et al.
Hoppel et al.
Samaan et al.
Xiao et al.
Kumutha et al.
Youssef et al.
Maalej et al. 29
LITERATURE REVIEW

EXPERIMENTATION

30
CASTING OF COLUMNS

Formwork
Square
Columns

31
CASTING OF COLUMNS

Reinforcement
for
Square
&
Circular
Columns

32
CASTING OF COLUMNS

Casting
of
Square
Column

33
CASTING OF COLUMNS

Casting of Circular Column 34

WRAPPING OF COLUMNS

Following Procedure is used for wrapping of Column using GFRP

& CFRP composites.

1.Surface Preparation
2.Application of Putty
3.Application of Primer Coat
4.Cutting of Fibers
5.Application of Saturent
6.Wrapping of Fibers

35
SURFACE PREPARATION

36
WRAPPING TECHNIQUES

Orientation of Fibers in Orientation of Fibers in

Hoop Direction Longitudinal Direction

37
APPLICATION OF PUTTY

Columns are washed with water and dried for 24 hours.

PREPARATION OF PUTTY

APPLICATION OF PUTTY

APPLICATION OF PUTTY ON COLUMN

FINISHING OF SURFACE

Unevenness of Concrete
surface. 38
APPLICATION OF PRIMER COAT

24 hours after application of putty primer coat is applied.

PREPARATION OF PRIMER COAT

APPLICATION OF PRIMER COAT

Finished Surface Column Specimen after primer coat 39

application.
CUTTING OF FIBERS

Fibers are cut according to the size of Square and Circular

Column.

MEASUREMENT OF FIBERS

CUTTING OF FIBERS

40
APPLICATION OF SATURENT

5 hours after application of Primer Coat, Saturent is Applied.

APPLICATION OF SATURENT ON COLUMN

Mixing of Goldband base for saturent Mixing of Goldband hardener with base for
saturent. 41
WRAPPING OF COLUMNS

WRAPPING OF SQUARE COLUMN

COMPLETE WRAPPING OF
SQUARE COLUMN

WRAPPING OF CIRCULAR COLUMN

CFRP WRAPPING

Pressing of GFRP wrap to

remove entrapped air.

42
TESTING SETUP

p
Eccentric Loading System

h h

43
d d
TESTING OF RC COLUMNS

44
TESTING SETUP

Eccentric Loading FIX SUPPORT

System

RCC Column

Knife Edge
Plate
Hydraulic Jack

Base 45
TESTING SETUP

Eccentric
Loading
System

46
TESTING SETUP
AXIAL , AXIAL CYCLIC LOADING

47
TESTING SETUP

150 mm

100 mm

50 mm
50
mm

15
mm

200 mm 200 mm

FIX SUPPORT
48
TESTING SETUP

FIX SUPPORT
49
TESTING SETUP
FIX SUPPORT-CIRCULAR COLUMNS

200
15 mm
150 mm
mm

6 mm Thick

Plate

150 mm

200
mm
100
PLAN mm

200 mm
ELEVATION 50
TESTING SETUP

KNIFE EDGE PLATE

60 mm

400 mm
400 mm

51
TESTING SETUP
ATTACHMENTS
150 mm

50
mm

LVDT resting point

Connection point with Adjustable Groove

Knife Edge Plate

Packing Plate (Square)

150 mm Diameter

50
mm
Vertical Attachment

Packing Plate (Circular) 52

INSTRUMENTATION
LVDT (Liner Variable Differential Transducer)

LVDT is attached with column to Digital Displacement Indicator.

give total displacement at the time of
load application 53
INSTRUMENTATION

HYDRAULIC JACK MECHANICAL STRAIN GAUGE

Mechanical Strain Gauge (DEMEC)

Hydraulic jack
54
INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRONIC STRAIN GAUGE

Components of Strain Gauges Strain Indicator

55
TESTING SETUP

Fix
Support Dial Gauge

300 mm
Column

30 Strain
LVDT
0 Gauge
m s
m

30
0
m
m

Hydraulic

Knife Edge Plate Jack

56
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

57
TESTING PROCEDURE
AXIAL LOADING

Stress Controlled Approach

Load is increased on the column at specific
intervals and corresponding to every
load displacement and strains are measured
for the columns
Interval for load increment is kept as 10 kN

58
TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN

CIRCULAR SQUARE COLUMNS

COLUMNS

UN -WRAPPED UN-WRAPPED

GFRP WRAPPED GFRP WRAPPED

CFRP WRAPPED CFRP WRAPPED

59
TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN
350

300

250

200
CTA
150
N
)d
o
a
(k
L

CGFA
100
CCFA
50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection (mm)

Variation of Load Deflection for CTA, CGFA & CCFA

Column Load(kN) Increment in % Increment in %
with respect to CTA with respect to
CGFA
CTA 145 - -
CGFA 230 70 -
CCFA 310 113.79 23 60
TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN
50

40
2)

30
CTA

20 CGFA
/m
(N S
tre
s

CCFA
10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
Strain

Variation of Stress-Strain for CTA, CGFA & CCFA

Column Stress Increment in % Increment in %
N/mm2 with respect to CTA with respect to
CGFA
CTA 18.46 - -
CGFA 29.46 70 -
CCFA 39.47 113.79 23 61
 TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN
45 45
40 40
35 35
2)

2)
30 30
25 CTA CTA
25
20 CGFA 20 CGFA

15 CCFA CCFA
/m

15
s(N

/m
S
tre

(N S
tre
s
10 10
5 5
0 0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005
Strain Strain

Variation of Stress-Strain for CTA, CGFA & CCFA at 1/3rd Variation of Stress-Strain for CTA, CGFA & CCFA at 2/3rd
height height
45
40
35
2)

30
25 CTA
20 CGFA
/m

15
(N

CCFA
S
tre
s

10
5
0
0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025 0.0003 0.00035
Strain

62
Variation of Stress-Strain for CTA, CGFA & CCFA at 1/2
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Radial Cracks in CTA

Failure mode for CTA 63
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Longitudinal Crack of CTA Failure of CTA 64

FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Failure of GFRP in CGFA Rupture of GFRP in CGFA

65
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Failure mode of GFRP in CGFA Cracking in Fibers in CGFA

66
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Buckling of bar in CCFA Rupture of CFRP in CCFA

67
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Buckling of bar & Rupture of CFRP Failure mode of CCFA 68

in CCFA
TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN
400

350

300

250 STA
200
SGFA
N
)d
o
a
(k
L

150
SCFA
100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection (mm)

Variation in Load- Deflection relationship for STA, SGFA & SCFA

Column Load(kN) Increment in % Increment in %
with respect to STA with respect to SGFA
STA 210 - -
SGFA 330 61.90 -
SCFA 380 80.95 12 69
TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN
50

40
2)

30
STA
20 SGFA
/m
(N S
tre
s

SCFA
10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain

Variation in Stress-Strain relationship for STA, SGFA & SCFA

Column Stress Increment in % Increment in %
N/mm2 with respect to Unwrapped with respect to GFRP
STA 26.73 - -
SGFA 42.016 61.90 -
SCFA 48.38 80.95 12 70
 TEST RESULTS-AXIAL LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN
50.000 50

40.000 40

2)
2)

30.000 30
SGFA STA
SCFA SGFA
20.000 20

/m
/m

(N
STA SCFA
(N

S
tre
S
tre

s
s

10.000 10

0.000 0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
Strain Strain

Variation in Stress-strain relationship for STA, SGFA & SCFA at 1/3rd Variation in Stress-strain relationship for STA, SGFA & SCFA at 2/3rd
height height
50

40
2
)

30
STA

20 SGFA
/m
(N
S
e

SCFA
s
r
t

10

0
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006
Strain

71
Variation in Stress-strain relationship for STA, SGFA & SCFA at 1/2
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Buckling of Reinforcement bar & failure Buckling of Reinforcement bar for STA 72
mode for STA
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

73
Initiation of Crack on STA Failure of cover concrete for STA
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

74
Cracking pattern in cross sectional area of Complete failure of SGFA
SGFA
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

75
Failure of GFRP from corner in SGFA Failure mode of SGFA
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

76
Cracked Cross-section of SCFA Failure from corner for SCFA
FAILURE MODES – AXIAL LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Rupture of CFRP from corner for SCFA Failure of SCFA 77

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED
COLUMNS

78
TESTING PROCEDURE
ECCENTRIC LOADING

Stress Controlled Approach.

Eccentricity of 20 mm is applied over the
column and kept constant throughout test
Interval for load increment is kept as 10 kN

79
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN

CIRCULAR SQUARE COLUMNS

COLUMNS

UN -WRAPPED UN-WRAPPED

GFRP WRAPPED GFRP WRAPPED

CFRP WRAPPED CFRP WRAPPED

80
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN
300

250

200

150 CTE
Nd
o
a
(k
L

CGFE
)

100
CCFE

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection (mm)

Variation of Load-Deflection for CTE, CGFE & CCFE

Column Load(kN) Increment in % Increment in %

with respect to CTE with respect to CGFE
CTE 120 - -
CGFE 200 66.66 -
81
CCFE 250 108.33 25
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN

2) 30.000

20.000
CTE
CGFE
/m
(N S
tre

10.000
s

CCFE

0.000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Strain

Variation of Stress-Strain for CTE, CGFE & CCFE

Column Stress Increment in % Increment in %
N/mm2 with respect to CTE with respect to CGFE
CTE 12 - -
CGFE 20 66.66 -
82
CCFE 25 108.33 25
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
CIRCULAR COLUMN
35.000 35.000

30.000 30.000

25.000

2)
25.000
2)

20.000 20.000

15.000 15.000 CTE

CTE

/m
/m

(N
CGFE

S
(N

tre
s
S
tre s

10.000 CGFE 10.000

CCFE
5.000 CCFE 5.000

0.000 0.000
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025
Strain Strain

Variation of Stress-Strain for CTE, CGFE & Variation of Stress-Strain for CTE, CGFE &
CCFE at 1/3rd height CCFE at 2/3rd height
35.000

30.000

25.000
2)

20.000
CTE
15.000 CGFE
/m
(N S

CCFE
tre
s

10.000

5.000

0.000
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004
Strain

83
Variation of Stress-Strain for CTE, CGFE & CCFE at 1/2 height
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

84
Failure of CTE Cracking Pattern of CTE
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Spalling of cover concrete due to Failure pattern for CTE 85

eccentricity effect
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Rupture of GFRP due to eccentric loading Failure pattern of CGFE 86

FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Crushing of concrete and rupture of GFRP Failure modes of GFRP in CGFE 87

FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Failure of CFRP due to rupture of CFRP Failure of CCFE 88

FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

89
Rupture of CFRP in CCFE Failure pattern of CCFE
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN
350

300

250

200
STE
150
N

SGFE
d
o
a
(k
)L

100 SCFE

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection (mm)

Variation in Load Deflection for STE, SGFE & SCFE

Column Load(kN) Increment in % Increment in %
with respect to STE with respect to SGFE
STE 150 - -
SGFE 200 33.33 - 90
SCFE 300 100 50
TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN

2) 30.000

20.000
CTE
CGFE S
/m
(N S
tre

10.000
s

CCFE S

S
0.000
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Strain

Variation Stress-Strain for STE, SGFE & SCFE

Column Load(kN) Increment in % Increment in %

with respect to STE with respect to SGFE
STE 15 - -
SGFE 20 33.33 - 91
SCFE 30 100 50
 TEST RESULTS - ECCENTRIC LOADING-
SQUARE COLUMN
35.000 35.000

30.000 30.000

25.000

2)
25.000
2)

20.000 20.000

15.000 15.000 CTE

CTE

/m
/m

(N
CGFE

S
(N

tre
s
S
tre
s

10.000 CGFE 10.000

CCFE
5.000 CCFE 5.000

0.000 0.000
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0 0.00005 0.0001 0.00015 0.0002 0.00025
Strain Strain

Variation in Stress-Strain for STE, SGFE & SCFE at Variation in Stress-Strain for STE, SGFE & SCFE at
1/3rd height 2/3rd height
35.000

30.000

25.000
2)

20.000
CTE
15.000 CGFE
/m
(N

CCFE
S
tre
s

10.000

5.000

0.000
0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004
Strain

92
Variation in Stress-Strain Curve for STE, SGFE & SCFE at 1/2 height
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Crack pattern of column along the line of load Crack pattern in section of STE
applied

93
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Crack pattern along eccentric line for STE Crack pattern for STE 94
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

95
Cracked section for SGFE Rupture of GFRP from corner in SGFE
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Cracked section and crushing of concrete Cracking of Concrete SGFE 96

for SGFE
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

97
Rupture of CFRP composites from corner for Failure Pattern for SCFE
SCFE
FAILURE MODES – ECCENTRIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Cracking pattern on section of SCFE Failure pattern for SCFE 98

COMPARISIONS -
AXIAL - ECCENTRIC LOADING

Decrease in Load Carrying Capacity of Circular Column

Column Axial Eccentric % Decrease w.r.t. Axial

(kN) (kN) Load
Unwrapped 145 120 20
GFRP 230 200 9.09
CFRP 310 250 19.35

Decrease in Load Carrying Capacity of Square Column

Column Axial Eccentric % Decrease w.r.t. Axial
(kN) (kN) Load
Unwrapped 210 150 28.57
GFRP 330 200 39.39
CFRP 380 300 18.42

99
AXIAL CYCLIC LOADED COLUMNS

100
TESTING PROCEDURE
AXIAL CYCLIC LOADING
Load Load

Deformation Deformation

Full cycle hysteresis Half Cycle hysteresis

loop Loop
Strain Controlled Approach.
Load is applied in specific interval and
corresponding displacement is measure while in this
case displacement is having specific interval and
corresponding load is measured.
101
Interval for displacement increment is 1 mm
TESTING PROCEDURE
AXIAL CYCLIC LOADING
Restoring Force
ΔL

ΔL Vertical
Displacement

A D

Height of
Column

O E
G

Vertical Displacement

102
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Results as mentioned are average of column1 & Column2

CIRCULAR SQUARE COLUMNS

COLUMNS

UN -WRAPPED UN-WRAPPED

GFRP WRAPPED GFRP WRAPPED

CFRP WRAPPED CFRP WRAPPED

103
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
160

CYCLE-1
140
CYCLE-2
120
CYCLE-3

100 CYCLE-4

80 CYCLE-5

CYCLE-6
N
)L
(k
d
a
o

60
CYCLE-7
40
CYCLE-8

20 CYCLE-9

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Deflection (mm)

104
Variation of Load Deflection Relationship for Unwrapped Circular Column (CTAC)
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

300

CYCLE-1
250 CYCLE-2

CYCLE-3
200
CYCLE-4

CYCLE-5
150
CYCLE-6
N
)L
(k
d
a
o

CYCLE-7
100
CYCLE-8

CYCLE-9
50
CYCLE-10

CYCLE-11
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 CYCLE-12
Deflection (mm)

105
Variation of Load Deflection Relationship for GFRP wrapped Circular Column (CGFAC)
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

350
CYCLE-1
300 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-3
250 CYCLE-4
CYCLE-5
200 CYCLE-6
CYCLE-7
150 CYCLE-8
N
)L
(k
d
a
o

CYCLE-9

100 CYCLE-10
CYCLE-11

50 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-13

0 CYCLE-14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection (mm)

106
Variation of Load Deflection Relationship for CFRP wrapped Circular Column (CCFAC)
 TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
0.0007
0.0012
CYCLE-1 CYCLE-1
0.0006
CYCLE-2
CYCLE-2 0.001
CYCLE-3
0.0005
CYCLE-3 CYCLE-4
0.0008
CYCLE-5
0.0004 CYCLE-4
CYCLE-6
0.0006
in S
tra

CYCLE-5 CYCLE-7

train
S
0.0003
CYCLE-8
CYCLE-6
0.0002 0.0004 CYCLE-9
CYCLE-10
CYCLE-7
0.0001 0.0002 CYCLE-11
CYCLE-8 CYCLE-12

0 CYCLE-13
CYCLE-9 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CYCLE-14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped GFRP Wrapped

0.0012 CYCLE-1
CYCLE-2
0.001 CYCLE-3
CYCLE-4
0.0008 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6
CYCLE-7
train
S

0.0006
CYCLE-8
CYCLE-9
0.0004
CYCLE-10
CYCLE-11
0.0002
CYCLE-12
CYCLE-13
0
CYCLE-14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Deflection (mm)
CFRP Wrapped
107
Strain Variation at 1/3rd Height of Columns
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
0.0004
0.0004
CYCLE-1 CYCLE-1
0.00035
0.00035 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-2
0.0003 CYCLE-3
0.0003
CYCLE-3 CYCLE-4
0.00025 CYCLE-5
0.00025
CYCLE-4
CYCLE-6
0.0002
0.0002
in S

CYCLE-7
tra

CYCLE-5

train
S
0.00015 CYCLE-8
0.00015
CYCLE-6 CYCLE-9
0.0001 0.0001 CYCLE-10
CYCLE-7
CYCLE-11
0.00005 0.00005
CYCLE-8 CYCLE-12

0 CYCLE-13
CYCLE-9 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 4 8 12 16 CYCLE-14
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped 0.0009 GFRP Wrapped

CYCLE-1
0.0008
CYCLE-2
0.0007 CYCLE-3
CYCLE-4
0.0006
CYCLE-5
0.0005 CYCLE-6
CYCLE-7
train
S

0.0004
CYCLE-8
0.0003 CYCLE-9

0.0002 CYCLE-10
CYCLE-11
0.0001
CYCLE-12
0 CYCLE-13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection (mm)
10 11 12 13 14 15 CYCLE-14
CFRP Wrapped
108
Strain Variation at 2/3rd Height of Columns
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS
0.0006 0.0008
CYCLE-1 CYCLE-1
0.0007 CYCLE-2
0.0005 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-3
0.0006
CYCLE-3 CYCLE-4
0.0004
0.0005 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-4
CYCLE-6
0.0003 0.0004 CYCLE-7
in S
tra

CYCLE-5

train
S
CYCLE-8
0.0002 CYCLE-6 0.0003
CYCLE-9

CYCLE-7 0.0002 CYCLE-10

0.0001 CYCLE-11
CYCLE-8 0.0001
CYCLE-12
0 CYCLE-13
CYCLE-9 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CYCLE-14
Deflection (mm)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped 0.0009 GFRP Wrapped

CYCLE-1
0.0008
CYCLE-2
0.0007 CYCLE-3

0.0006 CYCLE-4
CYCLE-5
0.0005 CYCLE-6
CYCLE-7
train
S

0.0004
CYCLE-8
0.0003 CYCLE-9

0.0002 CYCLE-10
CYCLE-11
0.0001
CYCLE-12
0 CYCLE-13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Deflection (mm)
CYCLE-14
CFRP Wrapped
109
Strain Variation at 1/2 Height of Columns
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

110
Failure modes for CTAC Buckling of Reinforcement bars for CTAC
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

111
Failure modes for CTAC Cracking Pattern for CTAC
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Rupture of GFRP for CGFAC 112

Failure of CGFAC
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Failure Pattern for CGFAC Cracking Pattern for CGFAC

113
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
CIRCULAR COLUMNS

Fracture of CFRP Buckling of Reinforcement 114

TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
300

CYCLE-1
250 CYCLE-2

CYCLE-3
200
CYCLE-4

CYCLE-5
150
CYCLE-6
N
)L
(k
d
a
o

CYCLE-7
100
CYCLE-8

CYCLE-9
50
CYCLE-10

CYCLE-11
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 CYCLE-12
Deflection (mm)

115
Variation of Load Deflection for unwrapped Square Column (STAC)
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
350

CYCLE-1
300
CYCLE-2

250 CYCLE-3

CYCLE-4
200 CYCLE-5

Series6
150
N
(k L
oad

CYCLE-7
)

CYCLE-8
100
CYCLE-9

50 CYCLE-10

CYCLE-11

0 CYCLE-12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 CYCLE-13
Deflection (mm)

116
Variation of Load Deflection for GFRP wrapped Square Column (SGFAC)
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
400
CYCLE-1
350 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-3
300
CYCLE-4

250 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6
200 CYCLE-7
CYCLE-8
N
)L
(k
d
a
o

150
CYCLE-9
CYCLE-10
100
CYCLE-11
50 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-13
0
CYCLE-14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection (mm)

117
Variation of Load Deflection for CFRP wrapped Square Column (SCFAC)
 TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
0.0008 0.0012

CYCLE-1 CYCLE-1
0.0007
CYCLE-2 0.001 CYCLE-2

0.0006 CYCLE-3
CYCLE-3
CYCLE-4
CYCLE-4 0.0008
0.0005 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6
0.0004 CYCLE-6 0.0006 CYCLE-7

in S
tra
train
S

CYCLE-7 CYCLE-8
0.0003
CYCLE-8 0.0004 CYCLE-9
CYCLE-9 CYCLE-10
0.0002
CYCLE-10 CYCLE-11
0.0002
0.0001 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-11
CYCLE-13
CYCLE-12
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped 0.0016
CYCLE-1
GFRP Wrapped
0.0014 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-3
0.0012
CYCLE-4
CYCLE-5
0.001
CYCLE-6

0.0008 CYCLE-7
train
S

CYCLE-8
0.0006 CYCLE-9
CYCLE-10
0.0004
CYCLE-11
CYCLE-12
0.0002
CYCLE-13

0 CYCLE-15

0 4 8 12 16 CYCLE-14
Deflection (mm)
CFRP Wrapped
118
Strain Variation at 1/3rd Height of Columns
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
0.0004
0.0004
CYCLE-1
0.00035 CYCLE-1
CYCLE-2 0.00035
CYCLE-2
0.0003 CYCLE-3 CYCLE-3
0.0003
CYCLE-4 CYCLE-4
0.00025 CYCLE-5 0.00025 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6 CYCLE-6
0.0002 0.0002 CYCLE-7
in S
tra

CYCLE-7

in S
tra
CYCLE-8
0.00015 CYCLE-8 0.00015
CYCLE-9
CYCLE-9
0.0001 CYCLE-10
CYCLE-10 0.0001
CYCLE-11
0.00005 CYCLE-11
0.00005 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-12 CYCLE-13
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped 0.0008
CYCLE-1 GFRP Wrapped
0.0007 CYCLE-2
CYCLE-3
0.0006 CYCLE-4
CYCLE-5
0.0005
CYCLE-6
CYCLE-7
0.0004
train
S

CYCLE-8

0.0003 CYCLE-9
CYCLE-10
0.0002 CYCLE-11
CYCLE-12
0.0001
CYCLE-13

0 CYCLE-15

0 4 8 12 16 CYCLE-14
Deflection (mm)
CFRP Wrapped
119
Strain Variation at 2/3rd Height of Columns
TEST RESULTS– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS
0.0006 0.0008

CYCLE-1 CYCLE-1
0.0007
0.0005 CYCLE-2 CYCLE-2

CYCLE-3 CYCLE-3
0.0006
CYCLE-4
0.0004 CYCLE-4
0.0005 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6
CYCLE-6
0.0003 0.0004 CYCLE-7

in S
train
S

tra
CYCLE-7
CYCLE-8
CYCLE-8 0.0003
0.0002 CYCLE-9
CYCLE-9 CYCLE-10
0.0002
CYCLE-10 CYCLE-11
0.0001
CYCLE-11 0.0001 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-12 CYCLE-13
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)

Unwrapped 0.0012
CYCLE-1
GFRP Wrapped
CYCLE-2
0.001
CYCLE-3
CYCLE-4
0.0008 CYCLE-5
CYCLE-6

0.0006 CYCLE-7
in S
tra

CYCLE-8
CYCLE-9
0.0004
CYCLE-10
CYCLE-11
0.0002 CYCLE-12
CYCLE-13

0 CYCLE-15

0 4 8 12 16 CYCLE-14
Deflection (mm)
CFRP Wrapped
120
Strain Variation at 1/2 Height of Columns
FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Failure modes of STAE Failure modes of STAE 121

FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Failure modes for SGFAC Cracking Pattern of SGFAC 122

FAILURE MODES– CYCLIC LOADING –
SQUARE COLUMNS

Failure modes for SCFAC Failure modes for SCFAC 123

EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS

Following parameters are evaluated for Cyclic Loaded

Columns

1.Ductility
2.Energy Dissipation
3.Specific Damping Capacity
4.Stiffness Degradation

124
DUCTILITY EVALUATION

•Area under load deflection curve is correlated as

the ductility of RC columns.

•Area under load deflection curve is measured in

kN mm which directly gives measurement
of energy for RC columns

•Area of load deflection curve for all three load

cases is measured with data interpretation software
“Origin 8.0”.

125
DUCTILITY EVALUATION

126
Inserting Data in Origin-8.0
DUCTILITY EVALUATION

127
Integrating Curve to find area
DUCTILITY EVALUATION

Estimation of Area under Load-deflection curve using Origin 8.0 128

Software
DUCTILITY EVALUATION

Energy for Axially loaded Circular columns

Type of Energy Increase in Energy with CTA (%)

Column (kN-mm)
CTA 583 0
CGFA 680 16.45
CCFA 1493 155.69

Energy for Axially loaded Square columns

Type of Energy Increase in Energy with
Column (kN-mm) STA (%)

STA 895.425 0

SGFA 1198.775 34

SCFA 1848.75 106 129

DUCTILITY EVALUATION

Strain Energy for Eccentrically Loaded Circular Columns

Type of Energy Increase in Energy with CTE (%)
Column (kN-mm)
CTE 493.275 0
CGFE 695.125 40.92
CCFE 1051.5 113.16

Strain Energy for Eccentrically Loaded Square columns

Type of Energy Increase in Energy with STE (%)
Column (kN-mm)
STE 673.875 0
SGFE 758.125 12.50
SCFE 1413.25 109.71

130
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Restoring
Force

Eso

µo
ED
Deformation

ED/Eso is called as
Specific Damping Capacity (SDC)

Energy Dissipated ED at cycle of harmonic vibration evaluated from

experiments
131
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for CTAC

Cycle Deflection Load Energy Energy SDC Stiffness

(mm) (kN) Dissipated Applied (kN/mm)
(kN-mm) (kN-mm)

1 1 27.5 13.075 13.75 0.95 27.50

2 2 37.5 13.75 24.375 0.56 18.75
3 3 50 26.125 45 0.58 16.67
4 4 65 43.375 71.5 0.61 16.25
5 5 83.75 50.875 100.875 0.5 16.75
6 6 102.5 80.625 164 0.49 17.08
7 7 122.5 91.625 214.375 0.43 17.50
8 8 130 218.25 273 0.8 16.25
9 9 145 95 253.75 0.37 16.11

132
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for CGFAC

Cycle Deflection Load (kN) Energy Energy SDC Stiffness
(mm) Dissipated Dissipated (kN/mm)
(kN-mm) (kN-mm)
1 1 30 9.125 15 0.6083 30.00
2 2 45 12.375 33.75 0.3667 22.50
3 3 63.75 21.375 76.5 0.2794 21.25
4 4 83.75 39.55 129.8125 0.3047 20.94
5 5 100 53.3125 185 0.2882 20.00
6 6 108.75 59.5 217.5 0.2736 18.13
7 7 131.25 87.865 301.875 0.2911 18.75
8 8 148.75 98.56 371.875 0.265 18.59
9 9 171.25 132.93 479.5 0.2772 19.03
10 10 187.5 181.75 562.5 0.3231 18.75
11 11 212.5 197.81 648.125 0.3052 19.32
12 12 240 229.5 780 0.2942 20.00
13 13 257.5 179.93 901.25 0.1996 19.81

133
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for CCFAC

Cycle Deflection Load (kN) Energy Energy SDC Stiffness
(mm) Dissipated Applied (kN/mm)
(kN-mm) (kN-mm)
1 1 36.25 4.875 18.125 0.27 36.25
2 2 53.75 20.375 45.68 0.45 26.88
3 3 75 29.5 90 0.33 25.00
4 4 96.25 52.1875 149.1875 0.35 24.06
5 5 110 82.375 203.5 0.4 22.00
6 6 123.75 91.75 247.5 0.37 20.63
7 7 140 122.675 322 0.38 20.00
8 8 160 128.625 400 0.32 20.00
9 9 178.75 164 499.8 0.33 19.86
10 10 192.5 224.31 577.5 0.39 19.25
11 11 215 233.25 645 0.36 19.55
12 12 240 270.75 720 0.38 20.00
13 13 267.5 194 829.25 0.23 20.58

134
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING
300

250

200
-m
m
)

150 CTAC
CGFAC
100 CCFAC
Nrg
(k
yn
E
e

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Cycle

Energy Dissipated for CTAC, CGFAC & CCFAC

135
SPECIFIC DAMPING CAPACITY
– CYCLIC LOADING

1
0.9
0.8
CTAC
0.7
CGFAC
0.6
CCFAC
0.5
D
C
S

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cycle

Variation in SDC for CTAC, CGFAC & CCFAC

136
STIFFNESS DEGRADATION
– CYCLIC LOADING
40

35 CTAC
CGFAC
30
CCFAC
/m
-kN

25

20
S
ifn
ts e

15

10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cycle

Variation in Stiffness for CTAC, CGFAC & CCFAC

137
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for STAC

Cycle Deflection Load Energy Energy Applied SDC Stiffness
(mm) (kN) Dissipated (kN-mm) (kN/mm)
(kN-mm)
1 1 25 11.25 12.5 0.9 25.00
2 2 43.75 21.5 28.43 0.76 21.88
3 3 56.25 39.1875 53.43 0.73 18.75
4 4 66.25 47.81 66.25 0.72 16.56
5 5 78.75 59.31 98.43 0.6 15.75
6 6 95 77.25 137.75 0.56 15.83
7 7 115 99.31 189.75 0.52 16.43
8 8 132.5 125.36 251.75 0.5 16.56
9 9 158.75 153.5 349.25 0.44 17.64
10 10 185 214.87 444 0.48 18.50
11 11 212.5 258.37 595 0.43 19.32
12 12 235 295.25 669.75 0.44 19.58

138
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for SGFAC

Cycle Deflection Load Energy Energy Applied SDC Stiffness

(mm) (kN) Dissipated (kN- (kN-mm) (kN/mm)
mm)
1 1 30 6.5 15 0.43 30.00
2 2 50 19 45 0.42 25.00
3 3 70 25.625 87.5 0.29 23.33
4 4 90 51.75 144 0.36 22.50
5 5 115 65.25 212.75 0.31 23.00
6 6 150 125 322.5 0.39 25.00
7 7 165 136.5 396 0.34 23.57
8 8 190 185.425 532 0.35 23.75
9 9 215 209 623.5 0.34 23.89
10 10 225 235.25 697.5 0.34 22.50
11 11 250 203.5 812.5 0.25 22.73
12 12 260 323.625 884 0.37 21.67
13 13 310 334 2165 0.15 23.85

139
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

Variation in Parameters at successive cycle for SCFAC

Cycle Deflection Load Energy Dissipation Energy Applied SDC Stiffness
(mm) (kN) (kN-mm) (kN-mm) (kN/mm)

1 1 35 4.75 17.75 0.27 35.00

2 2 53.75 16.75 48.375 0.35 26.88
3 3 75 39.18 93.75 0.42 25.00
4 4 105 37.3125 168 0.22 26.25
5 5 130 65.625 240.5 0.27 26.00
6 6 152.5 126.875 327.875 0.39 25.42
7 7 188.75 161.3125 453 0.36 26.96
8 8 210 128.875 588 0.22 26.25
9 9 227.5 211.875 659.75 0.32 25.28
10 10 252.5 203.6785 795.375 0.26 25.25
11 11 272.5 251.8015 885.625 0.28 24.77
12 12 295 376.25 1003 0.38 24.58
13 13 320 416.125 1136 0.37 24.62
14 14 325 433.375 942.5 0.46 23.21
15 15 360 368.25 1080 0.34 24.00
140
ENERGY DISSIPATION &
DUCTILITY EVALUATION – CYCLIC LOADING

500
450
400
350
300
-m
m
)

250 STAC

200 SGFAC
SCFAC
N

150
rg
(k
yn
E
e

100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Cycle

Energy Dissipated for STAC, SGFAC & SCFAC

141
SPECIFIC DAMPING CAPACITY
– CYCLIC LOADING
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
STAC
0.5
D
C
S

SGFAC
0.4
SCFAC
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Cycle

Variation in SDC for STAC, SGFAC & SCFAC

142
STIFFNESS DEGRADATION
– CYCLIC LOADING

40

35 STA
SGFAC
30
SCFAC
/m
-kN

25

20
fn
e
s S
ti

15

10
0 5 10 15
Cycle

Variation in Stiffness for STAC, SGFAC & SCFAC

143
ANALYTICAL WORK

144
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

• Analysis of R.C. Column is to be carried out by

Confinement model given by Mander et al.
• Compressive Strength of Short Column is given by
following equations.
Pn = Pcn + Psn
• Pcn = Load carried by the concrete.
• Psn = Load carried by the steel reinforcement.

145
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN
EVALUATION OF COMPRESSIVE LOAD OF FRC WRAPPED
SQUARE COLUMN

P = Pc + Ps
Where,
Pc = Load carried by the concrete.
Ps = Load carried by the steel reinforcement.

Ps = fs ⋅ As
Where,
fs = Compressive stress in longitudinal reinforcement.
As = Area of longitudinal reinforcement.
146
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

fs = ε ⋅ E Monotonic stress-strain curve

Where,
Є= Strain in steel reinforcement.
E = modulus of elasticity of steel. 147
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Pc = Pco + Pccj + Pccjs

Where,
Pco = Load carried by unconfined concrete area.
Pccj = Load carried by the area of concrete confined by FRP jacket.
Pccjs = Load carried by effective area of concrete confined by both FRP and Steel
hoops.
Pco = fco ⋅ Acu
Where,
fco = Compressive stress in unconfined concrete (cube strength of the concrete).
Acu = Area of unconfined concrete

Pccj = fccj ⋅ Acj

Where,
fccj = Compressive stress in FRP jacket.
148
Acj = Area of FRP jacket.
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Pccjs = fccjs ⋅ Acjs

Where,
fccjs = Effective compressive stress in FRP jacket and steel hoops.
Acjs = effective area of concrete confined by FRP and steel hoops.

Areas of confining regions are given by following equations.

Acu = Accj − Aej

Acj = Aej − Aes
Acjs = Aes
Where,
Accj = Effective area of concrete confined by FRP jacket.
Aej = Effective area of concrete effectively confined by FRP jacket.
Aes = Effective area of concrete effectively confined by steel hoops. 149
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Accj, Aej and Aes can be given by following expressions

A ccj = t x ⋅ t y − A s − (4r 2 − ∏ r 2 )

2 2
w jx + w jy
A ej = t x ⋅ t y − tan θ j − A s − (4r 2 − Π r 2 )
3

 w
2

s  s'  s' 
A e, s 
= dx ⋅ dy − ∑ 1 − 0.5 1 − 0.5 
 6  dx  dy 
  

150
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

151
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN
The compressive strength of confined concrete,
f’cc is given by
f'cc = k c ⋅ f'c
kc is the concrete strength enhancement factor
k c = α1 α 2
 F1 F1 

α1 = 1.25 1.8 1 + 7.94 − 1.6 − 1
 f ' f ' 
 c c 
 f1  f1 
2
 F
α 2 = 1.4 − 0.6  − 0.8 1 + 1
 F1  F1   f 'c
 

F1 and f1 are the maximum and minimum confining lateral stresses, respectively.
152
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Lateral confining stresses induced by FRP jacket in the

x- and y-directions
f1, jy = ρ jy 0.005EP

f1, jx = ρ jx 0.005EP

Ep is the elastic modulus of the FRP jacket

The reinforcement ratios ρjx and ρjy are defined as
tj tj
ρ jx = 2 ρ jy = 2
ty tx

tj is the nominal jacket thickness and tx and ty are the overall column cross-section
153
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

The lateral confining stresses induced by the steel hoops

f1,sx = ρ sx fsyh f1,sy = ρ sy fsyh

The confinement reinforcement ratios ρsx and ρsy are defined as below

A t, x
ρ sx =
sdy
A t, y
ρ sy =
sdx

154
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

155
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Combined Effects due to both FRP and Steel hoop are summation of
transverse stresses exerted by both FRP Jacket and Steel hoops as shown
in below equation.

f1, x = f1,sx + f1, jx

f1, y = f1,sy + f1, jy

156
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

SQUARE SECTION
4 – 10 mm Dia bars

100
mm

6 mm @ 150 mm c/c 1000

mm 100
mm

CIRCULAR SECTION
8 – 6 mm Dia bars

100
mm

1000 mm
6 mm @ 150 mm c/c
157
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Properties of Square Section

tx : 100mm
ty : 100mm
Steel Grade For Longitudinal Reinforcement : 415N / mm2
Steel Grade For Transverse Reinforcement : 250N / mm2
Concrete Cover : 15mm
No of Layer of FRP : 1.5
Thickness of FRP : 1.27mm
No of Longitudinal Bars : 4
Diameter of Longitudinal Bar : 10mm
Concrete Grade: 25N / mm2
EFRP : 20GPa
Diameter of Transverse Bar : 6mm
Spacing s : 150mm 158
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Properties of Circular Section

Diameter 100 mm
Steel Grade For Longitudinal Reinforcement fy : 415 N/mm2
Steel Grade For Transverse Reinforcement fsyh : 250 N/mm2
Concrete Cover : 15 mm
No of Layer of FRP : 1.5
Thickness of FRP tj: 1.27 mm
No of Longitudinal Bars : 8
Diameter of Longitudinal Bar : 6 mm
Concrete Grade: 25 N/mm2
EFRP : 45 GPa
Diameter of Transverse Bar : 6 mm
Area of Steel : 226.19 mm2
Area of Concrete : 7853.98 mm2
Spacing s : 150 mm
d: 76

159
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

Results
Section Type of Failure Load (kN)
Strengthening
Circular Unwrapped 143.33
GFRP 232.70
CFRP 301
Square Unwrapped 199.97
GFRP 282.082
CFRP 343.51
160
ANALYSIS OF R.C. COLUMN

400

350

300

250

200 EXPERIMENTAL
Nd

ANALYTICAL
o
a
(k
L

150
)

100

50

0
CTA CGFA CCFA STA SGFA SCFA

Comparison of Analytical & Experimental Results

161
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE FOR FRP

WRAPPED R.C. COLUMNS

An Attempt has been made by only two researchers in United States

by , Bank Lawrance C.
Mohamed H. Harajli

162
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

EFFECT OF ECCENTRICITY ON CONFINED CONCRETE

Є1
1

Є2
2

3
Є3

fc Confined Concrete Column with Strain Gradient

163
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

CONSTRUCTION OF Pu-Mu INTERACTION DIAGRAM

ЄC 0.85 fy

d’ Cs
c a
Cc
h/2 N.A.
d
h

Ts
b
Єs

164
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

Assumption In Pu-Mu Interaction Curve

• The FRP confining effect applies to the compressive strength of

concrete regardless to the extent of the compression zone.
• As per above assumption P-M diagram can be constructed in same
manner as for un strengthen column simply by replacing f’c by f’cc.
Above assumption have limitation that it stats that compression
zone is fully confined by FRP wrap while in real case FRP doesn’t
encircle whole section.

165
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

SQUARE SECTION

4 – 10 mm Dia bars

1
0
0
m
6 mm @ 150 mm c/c 1000 m
mm 100
mm

166
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

STRENGTHENED COLUMN
POINTS Єs c(mm) Pu(kN) Mu(kNm) e(mm)

A - - 738.22 0

B - - 738.22 5.90 0.01

B1 0 90 438.52 12.16

B2 0.0011 70 324.98 12.57

C 0.00207 53.25 176.02 11.67 66.30

D 0.005 23.15 99.40 9.43 94.93

E 0.0314 15.18 0 5.54 -

167
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE

UNWRAPPED COLUMN
POINTS Єs c(mm) Pu(kN) Mu(kNm) e(mm)
A - - 336.20 0
B - - 336.20 2.68 0.01
B1 0 90 136054.8 7.25
B2 0.0011 70 89728.43 6.99
C 0.00207 53.25 8399.49 5.61 66.30
D 0.005 23.15 3620.75 5.39 94.93
E 0.0314 15.18 0 4.86 -

168
PU-MU INTERACTION CURVE
800

A
700

600

500

400
B
(kN
) P
u

300 A
B
C
200

100
D
0 C
0 5 10 15
M u (kNm)
D E

169
CONCLUDING REMARKS

Benefits of FRP Wrapping

Wrapping of fibers are in hoop direction performed
very effectively during application of axial load.

Overlap of 150 mm provided for circular and square

columns proved sufficient.

No de-bonding has been observed due to overlap.

It also helped to utilize entire tensile strength of

fibers and prevented premature failure of wrapped
columns.
170
CONCLUDING REMARKS

Test Setup

Testing setup specially prepared for experiment has been able to

function well during axial, eccentric and cyclic loading application.

No movement during application of load has been observed during

experiment.

Unwrapped Columns
Axial load carrying capacity of the unwrapped column is higher
compared to eccentrically loaded columns.

No change in axial load carrying capacity has been observed during
axial cyclic loading.

Higher ductility in the columns have been observed more for axially
loaded columns compared to eccentrically loaded columns. 171
CONCLUDING REMARKS

GFRP Wrapped Columns

GFRP enhances ductility and load carrying capacity of RC columns.

Fibers in GFRP wrapped columns remain in a hoop direction and behave

very efficiently during the application of load.

Failures observed in wrapped columns are local failure only and the same
can be repaired easily in real structures.

For eccentrically loaded columns, very less cracking has been observed
and failure is due to rupture of GFRP which make concrete in
columns undamaged.
CFRP Wrapped Columns
CFRP wrapped columns behave better compared to unwrapped and GFRP
wrapped columns respectively.

CFRP enhances ductility, load carrying capacity and energy dissipation 172
of
RC columns.
CONCLUDING REMARKS

Energy Dissipation

Energy dissipation observed in CFRP wrapped columns is higher

compared to other columns.
Increase in energy dissipation shows that CFRP enhance the ductility in
RC columns.
Energy dissipation in GFRP wrapped column is less compared to CFRP
wrapped columns and higher than unwrapped columns respectively.
It is clear indication of increase in ductility of RC columns due to FRP
composites

173
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

Experimental work can be extended further by selecting different wrapping techniques

of GFRP and CFRP materials
Investigations on durability of FRP materials and FRP-reinforced concrete subject to
environmental loadings of different types
Mechanical durability is also a concern for FRP. Fatigue and impact behavior of FRP
materials is required to be studied
Fire resistance of FRP materials or FRP-reinforced concrete is required to be studied
Further investigation of the physical and chemical behavior of the FRP-to-concrete
interface is to be carried out
Study of failure modes and ductility capacity for lateral load for compression
members, is required for using FRP-reinforced concrete in high seismic zones
To propose new confinement model from results of experimental work.
Development of the confinement model for FRP reinforced concrete subjected to
lateral load
Study of long-term costs and/or savings associated with use of FRP materials
compared to traditional materials

174
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Project has been funded under research grant

by
Gujarat Council of Science & Technology
(GUJCOST)

175
THANKS

176
RESULTS COMPARISION & CONCLUSION
Why Circular Section is the Best

177