UNIT-I

Introduction To Computers
Introduction to Computer
Early days people use fingers for
computing purpose.
As years go, the computing needs also
grew. This leads to the invention of
calculators and computers.
The term computer is derived from the
word compute, it means to calculate.
Definition
Computer is an electronic device. It
accepts data, process the data and gives
the desired output.
COMPUTER
INPUT OUTPUT
Basic functions or operations
Input
Processing
Output
Storing
Controlling
Basic operations (Cont)
Input
It is the process of getting the data from
the user or from somewhere else into the
computer to process.

Processing
It is the process of converting the input
to output.

Basic operations (Cont)
Output
It is the outcome or result of the
process.

Storing
It is the process of saving the data. so
that it can be retrieved whenever needed.

Basic operations (Cont)
Controlling
It is the process of directing the
sequence in which the operations to be
performed.



Applications of computer:
Business
Industry
Home
Education
Printing & publishing
Entertainment etc.,
CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMPUTER
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence
Versatility
Resource sharing
Storage

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
Speed
The computer process the data
extremely fast. (i.e.) in millions (1,000,000)
of instructions and even more per second.
A computer can perform a huge task in
few sec where a human being may take
hours or even days to complete the same
task.

Accuracy
The degree of accuracy of computer is
very high and every calculation is
performed with the same accuracy. The
accuracy level is determined on the basis
of design of computer. The errors in
computer are due to human and
inaccurate data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
Diligence
A computer is free from tiredness, lack
of concentration etc. It can work for hours
without creating any error. If millions of
calculations are to be performed, a
computer will perform every calculation
with the same accuracy. Due to this
capability it overpowers human being in
routine type of work.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
Versatility
It means the capacity to perform
completely different type of work. For
example At a moment a computer can be
used to draft a letter. Next moment it can
be used print a document or play a music
file etc.,
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
Resource sharing
In organizations the computers are
connected to form a network. The
resources such as printers, scanner,
plotters are connected to the network and
it can be shared by the computers in the
network.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER (cont)
Storage
Computers are capable of storing huge
amount of data and it can be located and
retrieved very quickly. It uses storage
devices such as hard disk to store huge
amount of data.
Evolution of Computers
Evolution of Computers
Abacus
The first calculating device called
ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian
and Chinese people. It consisted of sticks
in horizontal positions on which were
inserted sets of beads. It has a number of
horizontal bars each having ten beads.
Horizontal bars represent units, tens,
hundreds, etc.
Evolution of Computers (Cont)
Napiers bones
English mathematician John Napier
built a mechanical device for the purpose
of multiplication in 1617 A D. The device
was known as Napiers bones.
Slide Rule
This machine could perform operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. It was widely used in Europe
in 16th century.
Evolution of Computers (Cont)
Pascal's Machine
Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical
calculating machine called Pascals calculating
machine. It could add and subtract. The machine
consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders.

Leibnizs Machine
The Pascals calculating machine can
perform addition and subtraction but it could not
perform multiply and division. Leibniz built a
mechanical device that could both multiply and
divide.


Evolution of Computers (Cont)
Babbages Analytical Engine
In the year 1823 that a famous English
man Charles Babbage built a mechanical
machine to do complex mathematical
calculations. It was called difference
engine. Later he developed a general-
purpose calculating machine called
analytical engine. Charles Babbage is
called the father of computer.
Evolution of Computers (Cont)
Electronic Calculator
The electronic calculator used in
1960s was run with electron tubes, Later it
was replaced with transistors and as a
result the size of calculators became too
small. It can compute all kinds of
mathematical computations. Some
calculators have in-built programs to
perform some complicated calculations.


Generations of Computers
Generations of Computers (Cont)
First Generation Computers:
These computers were vacuum tube
based machines.
They used magnetic drums for memory.
Input were fed into the computer using
Punched cards
The size of these computers were very
large and it produce more heat.
They lacked in versatility and speed.
They were more expensive.

Generations of Computers (Cont)
Second Generation Computers
Here the Transistor replaced the bulky
vacuum tubes.
Transistors are smaller than vacuum tubes
and have higher operating speed.
Thus the size of the computer got reduced
considerably.
Manufacturing cost was also very low.
Generations of Computers (Cont)
Third Generation Computers
These computers were based on
Integrated Circuits (ICs) Technology.
A single IC has many transistors, registers
and capacitors built on a single thin slice of
silicon.
So that the size of the computer got further
reduced.
These Computers were small in size, low
cost, large memory and processing speed
is very high.

Generations of Computers (Cont)
Fourth Generation Computers
It uses large scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC)
built on a single silicon chip called
microprocessors .
Later very large scale Integrated Circuits
(VLSIC) replaced LSICs
These computers are called microcomputers.
Thus the size of the computer got reduced.
The personal computer (PC) are comes
under the Fourth Generation.
Generations of Computers (Cont)
Fifth Generation Computer
The speed is extremely high in fifth
generation computer.
The concept of Artificial intelligence has been
introduced to allow the computer to take its
own decision.
It is still in a developmental stage .
Classification of Computer
Classification of Computer
Microcomputer
Mini Computer
Mainframes
Supercomputer


Classification of Computer
Microcomputer Supercomputer Mini Computer Mainframes
Computer
Desktop
N/W Servers
Laptops Smart phones
Classification of Computer (Cont)
Microcomputer
Microcomputer is at the lowest end of the
computer range in terms of speed and
storage capacity.
Eg: Desktop, Laptop, Tablet PC, Smart
Phones.

Classification of Computer (Cont)
Mini Computer
This is designed to support more than one
user at a time.
It possesses large storage capacity and
operates at a higher speed.
This type of computer is generally used for
processing large volume of data in an
organisation.
Eg:Servers in Local Area Networks (LAN).

Classification of Computer (Cont)
Mainframes
They operate at very high speed, having
very large storage capacity and can
handle the work load of many users.
They are generally used in centralised
databases.


Classification of Computer (Cont)
Supercomputer
They are the fastest and most expensive
machines.
They have high processing speed
compared to other computers.
They have also multiprocessing technique.
Supercomputers are mainly being used
for whether forecasting, biomedical
research, and other areas of science and
technology

Classification of Computer (Cont)
The computers can also classified based
on the hardware design as follows
Analog computer.
Digital computer.
Hybrid computer.


BASIC ORGANISATION
OF
COMPUTER

CONTROL
MEMORY
ALU
OUTPUT INPUT
Basic organisation of computer
Basic organisation of computer
INPUT
The input unit is used to information or
instruction to the computer.
It accept the information or instruction from
user or from some where else.
Convert it to a computer understandable form
and send it to the computer.
Eg:Keyboard,mouse,Joystick,MICR, etc,.

Basic organisation of computer (cont)
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
It is the heart of the computer.
It performs all operations.
It contains the followings
CONTROL UNIT
ALU
MEMORY
Basic organisation of computer (cont)
CONTROL UNIT
It controls all other units in the computer.
It directs the sequence in which operations to
be performed.
It also controls the flow of data between
various units.
Basic organisation of computer (cont)
ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT

It performs all arithmetic & logical operations.
i.e. arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division etc,. And
logical operations like AND,OR,NOT etc,.
Basic organisation of computer (cont)
MEMORY UNIT
Place for holding the information.
Types
Primary
Secondary
Primary memory is used to store temporary
data.Eg:RAM,ROM etc,.
Secondary memory is used to store
information permanently. Eg:Hard disk.
Basic organisation of computer
OUTPUT
The output unit is used to display the result of
the process.
Eg:Monitor,printer,speakers, etc,.

Components of Computers
Components of Computers
Hardware
The physical components present in
the computer.

Software
It is a collection of programs and it can
perform some operaions.
Components Present inside the
cabinet
Motherboard
Processor
SMPS
Disk drives
RAM & ROM etc,.
Types of Memory
MEMORY
SECONDARY
PRIMARY
RANDOM ACCESS SEQ.ACESS
Primary Memory:
It is used to store data temporary.


RAM
Random Access Memory
It is possible to randomly select and use
any location of the memory.
It is a volatile memories i.e. It loose their
content when the power is switched off



ROM
Read Only Memory
The data in the ROM is permanent .
It is a non-volatile memories i.e. It does
not loose their content when the power is
switched off .

Programmable Read Only Memory
It is supplied in blank by the manufacturer.
It is possible to store program in PROM
chip.
Once the programmes are written it cannot
be changed and remain even if power is
switched off.


PROM
Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory.
Information stored in EPROM can be
erased by exposing the chip in ultraviolet
light and it is reprogrammed using a
special programming facility.



EPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read
Only Memory.
Information stored in EEPROM can be
erased by applying some voltage.



EEPROM
Secondary Memory:
It is used to store data permanently
TYPES: sequential access , random
access
Sequential Access
Magnetic Tape:
Magnetic tapes are used by large
computers like mainframe computers
where large volume of data is stored for a
longer time.
The cost of storing data in tapes is
inexpensive.
Tapes consist of magnetic materials that
store data permanently.

Random Access
Hard Disk:
It uses circular disk ,coated with magnetic
material called platters.
It rotates with very high speed inside the
drive.
Data is stored on both the surface of the
disk.
Each disk consists of a number of invisible
concentric circles called tracks.
The information stored in a disk can be read
many times without affecting the stored data.
Magnetic Hard Disk Mechanism
Random Access (cont)
Optical disk
It uses a circular plastic disk coated with
aluminium or silver storing data.
The data are stored in the circular tracks.
Laser beam is used for storing and
retrieve data from the disk
INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES
Input Devices
Input devices are necessary to convert
our information or data in to a form which
can be understood by the computer.
Eg: Keyboard, Mouse, MICR,OMR,OCR.
Keyboard
This is the standard input device.
The layout of keyboard is just like the
traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY.
It also contains some extra command
keys and function keys.
The computer can recognise the electrical
signals corresponding to the correct key
combination and processing is done
accordingly
Mouse
Mouse is an input device.
When the mouse is moved across a flat
surface the screen pointer is also moved
in the direction of mouse movement.
It is easier to move the cursor through a
mouse

Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition (MICR)
This is widely used by banks to process
large volumes of cheques and drafts.
Cheques are put inside the MICR.
As they enter the reading unit ,the
magnetic field which causes the read head
to recognise the character of the cheques.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR):
This technique is used in objective type
tests and the answer are marked by
darkening a square or circular space by
pencil or pen.
These answer sheets are directly fed to a
computer for grading where OMR is used.

Optical Character Recognition
(OCR):
- It is used to recognize any printed
character.
- This characters are compared with
patterns stored inside the computer.
- Whichever pattern is matched is called a
character read.
- Patterns that cannot be identified are
rejected. OCRs are expensive though
better the MICR.

Output Devices
Visual Display Unit
The most popular output device is the
Visual Display Unit (VDU).
It is also called the monitor.
Monitor is used to display the input data
and to receive massages from the
computer.
It can be color or monochrome.

Printer
It is an important output device which can
be used to get a printed copy of the
processed text or result on paper.

printers are classified as impact and
non-impact printers.
NUMBER SYSTEM
Number System

Number Base B => B symbols
Base 16(Hexa):0, 1,9, A ,, E, F
Base 10 (Decimal): 0, 1, 2,, 7, 8, 9
Base 8(Octal): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Base 2 (Binary): 0, 1
Number System (cont)
Number representation:
d
31
d
30
... d
2
d
1
d
0
is a

32 digit number
value = d
31
x B
31
+ d
30
x B
30
+ ... + d
2
x B
2

+ d
1
x B
1
+ d
0
x B
0

Decimal Numbers: Base 10
Base or Radix is 10
Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Example:
412
10
= 4x10
2
+ 1x10
1
+ 2x10
0
= 400 + 10 +2 = 412

Binary Numbers: Base 2
Base or Radix is 2

Digits: 0, 1

Example:
101
2
= 1x2
2
+ 0x2
1
+ 1x2
0
= 4 + 0 +1 = 5

Octal Numbers: Base 8
Base or Radix is 8

Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Example:
123
8
= 1x8
2
+ 2x8
1
+ 3x8
0
= 64 + 16 +3
= 83

Hexadecimal Numbers: Base 16
Digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F:
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15
Example:
12
16
= 1x16
1
+ 2x16
0
= 16 +2
= 18
Conversions
Decimal to Base N Base N to Decimal
Successive Division by N
(Remainder Method)
Multiplication with
power of N
Decimal to Binary
Conversion of 25
10
to Binary
2 25
2 12 -1
2 6 - 0
2 3 - 0
1 - 1

25
10
=11001
2
Binary to decimal conversion

11001
1X2
0 =
1
0X2
1 =
0
0X2
2 =
0
1X2
3 =
8
1X2
4 =
16
25
10
Decimal to Octal
Conversion of 125
10
to Octal
8 125
8 15 - 5
1 - 7

125
10
=175
8
Octal to decimal conversion

175
5X8
0 =
5
7X8
1 =
56
1X8
2 =
64
125

175
8
=

125
10

Conversion of 84
10
to Octal
8 84
8 10 - 4
1 - 2

84
10
=124
8
Octal to decimal conversion

124
4X8
0 =
4
2X8
1 =
16
1X8
2 =
64
84

124
8
=

84
10

Decimal to Hexa
Conversion of 450
10
to Hexadecimal
16 450
16 28 - 2
1 - 12

450
10
=1C2
16
Hexa to decimal conversion

1C2
2X16
0 =
2
12X16
1 =
192
1X16
2 =
256
450

1C2
16
=

450
10

Conversion of 385
10
to Hexadecimal
16 385
16 24 - 1
1 - 8

385
10
=181
16
Hexa to decimal conversion

181
1X16
0 =
1
8X16
1 =
128
1X16
2 =
256
385

181
16
=

385
10

Other Conversions
BINARYOCTAL
BINARYHEXA
OCTALHEXA etc,.
BINARYOCTAL
OCTAL BASE 8 = 2
3
3 DIGIT BINARY NUMBER
Example:11001
2
OCTAL
11 001

011 001
3 1
11001
2
=31
8
Example:1110011
2
OCTAL

1 110 011

001 110 011
1 6 3

1110011
2
=163
8

BINARYHEXA
HEXA BASE 16 = 2
4
4 DIGIT BINARY NUMBER
Example:11001
2
HEXA
1 1001

0001 1001
1 9
11001
2
=19
16
Example:1110011
2
OCTAL

1 110 011

001 110 011
1 6 3

1110011
2
=163
8

OCTALHEXA
OCTALBINARYHEXA
Example:31
8
HEXA
3 1
011 001

0001 1001
1 9
31
8
=19
16

HEXA OCTAL
Example: 1BD OCTAL

1 B D
0001 1011 1101

000 110 111 101
0 6 7 5
1BD = 675
8
Conversion of 25.125
10
to Binary
2 25
2 12 -1
2 6 - 0
2 3 - 0
1 - 1

25
10
=11001
2

0.125 X 2 = 0.250
0.250 X 2 = 0.5
0.5 X 2 = 1.0

25.125
10
= 11001.001
2
Binary to decimal conversion
11001.001
1X2
-3
=

0.125
0X2
-2
= 0
0X2
-1
= 0
1X2
0 =
1
0X2
1 =
0
0X2
2 =
0
1X2
3 =
8
1X2
4 =
16
25.125
10
Conversion of 84.250
10
to Octal
8 84
8 10 - 4
1 - 2

84
10
=124
8

0.250 X 8 = 2.000

25.123
10
= 124.2
8
Octal to decimal conversion
124.2

2X8
-1
= 0.25
4X8
0 =
1
2X8
1 =
0
1X8
2 =
0
25.250
10
ASSIGNMENT
DECIMAL TO BINARY
43
79
107
241
476
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
39
152
284
758
2534
DECIMAL TO HEXA
75
826
3128
7359
4756
DECIMAL TO OTHER
63 BASE4
279 BASE6
161 BASE7
BINARY OCTAL,HEXA
1010101
11010101011
111010110111
1011110111
101000101
OCTAL HEXA
473
1235
724
5774
4625
75.125
10
BASE2
356.523
10
OCTAL
527.42
10
HEXA