Basic Water Chemistry 6

BISMILAH-ER-RAHMAN-NERRAHIM
TNB LI BERTY POWER LTD

BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY
BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY
O PROPERTIES OF WATER
O WATER CHEMISTRY
O ATOMS
O COMPOND
O MIXTURE
O IONS
O ACID,BASE AND SALTS
O pH
O NEUTRLIZATION
O CONCLUSION
1. PROPERTI ES OF WATER
PROPERTIES OF WATER CONTINOUS.

Water is a colorless, odorless, and
tasteless substance which exists
naturally as either solid, liquid, or gas.
Water is made up of one oxygen and
two hydrogen atoms.

The chemical formula of the water
molecule, H20 was defined in 1860 by
the Italian scientist Stanislao
Water is a very powerful substance that
acts as a medium for many reactions
which is why it is often referred to as
the "universal solvent."
Water is slow to heat up and slow to
release heat compared to other liquids

More heat is needed to raise the
temperature of a quantity of water than
other liquids

2. WATER CHEMI STRY
To understand water chemistry, it is
important to know how atoms are held
together to form compounds.
3. ATOM
Atom continuo
A molecule may consist of one atom or
two or more similar atoms
An atom is matter in its simplest form and
is inconceivably small.
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and
electrons
Protons are positively charged particles

Electrons are negatively charged and
considerably smaller
Neutrons have no charge
4. COMPOUNDS

A compound is a substance cornposed of
two or more chemically bonded atoms or
elements
It has a definite and unvarying
composition.

The chemical properties of a given
compound are different from those of its
constituent elements. Water, a typical
compound, is composed of two elements,
hydrogen and oxygen, in definite
proportions
5. MI XTURES

* An element is the most basic form of
matter. It is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
* At the same time, the ingredients in a
mixture continue to
maintain their essential properties

* A mixture may have varying proportions
of its ingredients in different parts of the
sample and is therefore heterogeneous.
6. I ONS

An ion can be defined as an electrically
charged atom or group of atoms in
solution.
There are two types of ions, one charged
negatively, the other positively
Positively charged ions are called cations,

Negatively charged ions are called anions.
Many impurities exist as ions in natural
waters (calcium, magnesium, sodium,
iron, and manganese as cations,
Bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and
carbonate as anions)

These electrically charged dissolved
particles make water a good conductor of
electricity.

These are: (a) distillation, (b) precipitation
and separation, (c) ion exchange, and (d)
membrane separation.
Cations and Anions

CATIONS SYMBOLES ANIONS SYMBOLES
Calcium Ca++ Bicarbonate HCO
3

-

Magnesium Mg++ Carbonate CO
3
--
Sodium Na+ Sulphate SO
4
--
Potassium K+ Chloride Cl -
Ferrous Fe++ Nitrate NO
3
-
Ferric Fe+++ Phosphate PO
4
---
Hydrogen H+ Hydroxide OH -
7. ACI DS, BASES, AND SALTS

ACID
Acids can be defined as compounds which
release hydrogen ions in solution
All acids contain hydrogen
BASES
Bases are substances which can release
hydroxide ions
SALTS
Salts are substances containing both
metallic and non-metallic ions, and are
classified as normal, acid, and basic
8. pH

Another important characteristic of a
solution is its pH, which indicates the
relative concentration of hydrogen ions;
and that determines whether a substance is
acidic or basic

pH tells us how acidic or how alkaline the
water is
It is measured on a scale of 0 to 14
pH 7 falls in the middle and it is neutral
which means it is neither acid nor alkali.
The pH also gives the solution's relative
acidity or alkalinity.
9. NEUTRALI ZATI ON

*When equal weights of an acid are
combined with a base, the free hydrogen
and hydroxide ions will combine to form
water until an equilibrium is achieved. This
process, called neutralization, is important
in water chemistry
10. CONCLUSI ON

A solution consists of a solvent and a
solute
A solvent promotes dissolving
The solute is the substance being
dissolved.

Water is the universal solvent, and an
almost infinite variety of solute substances
and concentrations can exist in water.
Among the various contaminants to be
found are hardness compounds, chlorides,
sulfates, fluorides, iron, sodium, silica,
and others each has unique properties, and
will be discussed in further detail.

LESSION NO.2
EXTERNAL WATER TREATMENT

A What is External Water Treatment?
B Why it is very important?
C What is the meaning of Impurities in
water?
D What are the processes used in External
Water Treatment?

A) What is external water treatment?

In order to make water suitable for Feed
water, boiler water, and cooling water use,
both external and internal water treatment
can be employed.

B) Why it is very important?

External treatment is required only in case
where the impurity content in the water is
unacceptably high so as not to allow proper
functioning of the cooling system and boiler
water system.

C)What is the meaning of Impurities?

Some impurities which can be removed by
external treatment include suspended solids,
dissolved gases, dissolved salts, organic
matter, and iron and manganese and
hydroxides.
D What are the processes used in external water
treatment?

The various processes used in External water
Treatment are described in the following.
Clarification
Filtration
Ion Exchange method
Reverse Osmosis


Basic Water Chemistry 6

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BISMILAH-ER-RAHMAN-NERRAHIM

TNB LI BERTY POWER LTD

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