SHEAR FORCE & BENDING

MOMENT DIAGRAM
Various Types of Beam Loading & Support
Beam - structural member designed to support
loads applied at various points along its length.
Beam design is two-step process:
1) determine shearing forces and bending
moments produced by applied loads
2) select cross-section best suited to resist
shearing forces and bending moments
Beam can be subjected to concentrated loads or
distributed loads or combination of both.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
Beams are classified according to way in which they are
supported.
Reactions at beam supports are determinate if they
involve only three unknowns. Otherwise, they are
statically indeterminate.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Types of Beams
Depends on the support configuration
M
F
v
F
H
Fixed
F
V
F
V
F
H
Pin
Roller
Pin Roller
F
V
F
V
F
H
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Continuous Beam
Propped Cantilever
Beam
Types of Beams
SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS

When a beam is loaded by forces or
couples, stresses and strains are
created throughout the interior of the
beam.
To determine these stresses and
strains, the internal forces and
internal couples that act on the cross
sections of the beam must be found.
Shear and Bending Moment in a Beam
Wish to determine bending moment
and shearing force at any point in a
beam subjected to concentrated and
distributed loads.
Determine reactions at supports by
treating whole beam as free-body.
Cut beam at C and draw free-body
diagrams for AC and CB. By
definition, positive sense for internal
force-couple systems are as shown.
From equilibrium considerations,
determine M and V or M and V.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
Determine reactions at
supports.
Cut beam at C and consider
member AC,
2 2 Px M P V + = + =
Cut beam at E and consider
member EB,
( ) 2 2 x L P M P V + = =
For a beam subjected to
concentrated loads, shear is
constant between loading points
and moment varies linearly.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading
shown.
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Plot results.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.

= : 0
y
F
0 kN 20
1
= V kN 20
1
= V
: 0
2
=

M ( )( ) 0 m 0 kN 20
1
= + M 0
1
= M
m kN 50 kN 26
m kN 50 kN 26
m kN 50 kN 26
m kN 50 kN 26
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
= =
= =
= =
= =
M V
M V
M V
M V
Similarly,
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem 2
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 lb/in. extends
over 12 in. of the beam, from A to C,
and the 400 lb load is applied at E.
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
Determine equivalent internal force-
couple systems at sections cut within
segments AC, CD, and DB.
Plot results.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
: 0 =

A
M
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 in. 22 lb 400 in. 6 lb 480 in. 32 =
y
B
lb 365 =
y
B
: 0 =

B
M
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0 in. 32 in. 10 lb 400 in. 26 lb 480 = + A
lb 515 = A
: 0 =

x
F 0 =
x
B
Note: The 400 lb load at E may be replaced by a
400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
: 0
1
=

M
( ) 0 40 515
2
1
= + M x x x
2
20 515 x x M =
: 0
2
=

M ( ) 0 6 480 515 = + + M x x
( ) in. lb 35 2880 + = x M
From C to D:

= : 0
y
F
0 480 515 = V
lb 35 = V
Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems
at sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From A to C:

= : 0
y
F
0 40 515 = V x
x V 40 515 =
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
: 0
2
=

M
( ) ( ) 0 18 400 1600 6 480 515 = + + + M x x x
( ) in. lb 365 680 , 11 = x M
Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple
systems at sections cut within segments AC,
CD, and DB.
From D to B:

= : 0
y
F 0 400 480 515 = V
lb 365 = V
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
Plot results.
From A to C:
x V 40 515 =
2
20 515 x x M =
From C to D:
lb 35 = V
( ) in. lb 35 2880 + = x M
From D to B:
lb 365 = V
( ) in. lb 365 680 , 11 = x M
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Relations between load and shear:
( )
w
x
V
dx
dV
x w V V V
x
=
A
A
=
= A A +
A 0
lim
0
( ) curve load under area = =
}
D
C
x
x
C D
dx w V V
Relations between shear and bending moment:
( )
( ) V x w V
x
M
dx
dM
x
x w x V M M M
x x
= A =
A
A
=
=
A
A + A A +
A A
2
1
0 0
lim lim
0
2
( ) curve shear under area = =
}
D
C
x
x
C D
dx V M M
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Reactions at supports,
2
wL
R R
B A
= =
Shear curve,
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
= =
}
x
L
w wx
wL
wx V V
wx dx w V V
A
x
A
2 2
0
Moment curve,
( )
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
}
}
0 at
8
2 2
2
max
2
0
0
V
dx
dM
M
wL
M
x x L
w
dx x
L
w M
Vdx M M
x
x
A
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Sample Problem 3
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Between concentrated load application
points, and shear is
constant.
0 = = w dx dV
Between concentrated load application
points, The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
. constant = =V dx dM
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem 3
Between concentrated load application points,
and shear is constant. 0 = = w dx dV
With uniform loading between D and E, the shear
variation is linear.
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.

= : 0
A
M
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) 0 ft 8 2 kips 12
ft 14 kips 12 ft 6 kips 20 ft 24
=
D
kips 26 = D
: 0

=
y
F
0 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips 20 = +
y
A
kips 18 =
y
A
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Sample Problem
Between concentrated load application
points, The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under the shear curve between
points.
. constant = =V dx dM
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola.
0 48
ft kip 48 140
ft kip 92 16
ft kip 108 108
= + =
= =
+ = =
+ = + =
E D E
D C D
C B C
B A B
M M M
M M M
M M M
M M M
Beer, Ferdinand & Johnston, Russel E. Vectors
Mechanics for Engineer, 8
th
Edition
Load
0 Constant Linear
Shear
Constant Linear Parabolic
Moment
Linear Parabolic Cubic
Common Relationships
Load
0 0 Constant
Shear
Constant Constant Linear
Moment
Linear Linear Parabolic
Common Relationships
M
Seatwork:
Draw Shear & Moment diagrams for the
following beam
3 m 1 m 1 m
12 kN 8 kN
A C
B
D
Seatwork:
Draw Shear & Moment diagrams for the
following beam
3 m 1 m 1 m
12 kN 8 kN
A C
B
D
R
A
= 7 kN | R
C
= 13 kN |
3 m 1 m 1 m
12 kN
A C
B
D
V
(kN)
M
(kN-m)
7
-5
8
8 kN
7
-15
8
7
-8 2.4 m