Capacity Planning

15/7/05 1
Company Confidential
Trunking

Traffic Theory
-- Traffic Intensity
-- Grade of Service

Traffic Channels Dimensioning

SDCCH Channels Dimensioning

GSM Network Capacity Planning
15/7/05 2
GATEWAY
SWITCH
So, What is the objective behind Capacity Planning ?
Estimating the optimum number of resources required in a
system to meet the desired performance requirements.
SWITCH
LOCAL
Trunking
15/7/05 3
Terminologies
Traffic Intensity
Busy Hour
Request Rate ( BHCA )
Set-up Time
Holding Time
Blocked Call
Grade of Service (GoS)
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 4
TRAFFIC INTENSITY IS MEASURED ON 1 CALL
PER-HOUR BASIS OR 1 CALL PER MINUTE BASIS
THE UNIT OF MEASUREMENT IS ERLANGS
Au = uH
Au : Traffic in Erlang generated by each user
H : Average duration of call / 60 (per hour basis)
u : Average no of calls per hour
A = UAu
A : Total traffic offered by the system
U : Total number of users
Traffic Intensity
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 5
Traffic Intensity ... Contd.
In GSM, we have two types of Traffic Intensities
TCH Traffic Intensity = Avg no of calls x Avg duration of call
Average duration of call = 120 secs

Average number of calls = 0.75 -- 1.5 ( range )
Traffic generated on TCH will range between 0.025 -- 0.05 erlang
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 6
Traffic Intensity ... contd
and ...
SDCCH Traffic Intensity = Avg no of SDCCH usages x Avg usage time
Avg no of SDCCH usage = 1(for a TCH call) + 3 updates = 4

Average usage time = 4 secs
Traffic generated on SDCCH will be typically 0.0044 erlang
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 7
Busy Hour
1 Hour of the day in which Traffic is maximum
Also referred to as Peak Hour.
Busy Hour is not a fixed hour, its timing will vary in
different locations
Busy Hour may also be different for different resources
SDCCH busy hour
-- typically morning hours ( frequent on/offs and updates)

TCH busy hour
-- heavy call traffic hour ( could be back-home hours )
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 8
Request Rate ( BHCA )
No of requests(or attempts) for a resource in the busy hour
SDCCH Request Rate
-- No of RACH's + No of Handover Requests for SDCCH

TCH Request Rate
-- No of RACH's in a cell with cause as MOC or MTC
+ No of Handover Request for TCH
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 9
Set up Time
Average time spent on a resource before getting response
from the called end.
Typically 3 - 5 secs for GSM ( up to POI setup)
Holding Time
Average time spent on any dedicated resource.
SDCCH Holding time ( typically 3 - 4 secs)
TCH Holding time ( actuall call duration + Alerting )
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 10
Blocked Call
A call request rejected due to unavailability of resource.
Indication of Congestion
In GSM a call can be blocked due to unavailability of :

AGCH
SDCCH
TCH
How many blocked calls can you tolerate ?
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 11
Ability of the user to access the system
during busiest hour
Benchmark to define desired system
performance
Grade of Service
Percentage requests blocked in an hour
GOS and blocking are same.
A network is non-blocking if the communication resources
equals the number of users.
Conventionally used value of GOS is 2 %
Traffic Theory
15/7/05 12
Blocked Calls Cleared System
2 .153 .190 .223 .381
7 2.50 2.74 2.94 3.74
8 3.13 3.40 3.63 4.54
14 7.35 7.82 8.20 9.73
15 8.11 8.61 9.01 10.6
16 8.88 9.41 9.83 11.5
22 13.7 14.3 14.9 17.1
30 20.3 21.2 21.9 24.8
37 26.4 27.4 29.6 31.6
No. of
channels C
Capacity (Erlangs) for GOS
= 1% = 1.5 % = 2 % = 5 %
Requested is immediately cleared (forgotten) at blocking
Erlang B table is used to estimate traffic for a GOS
TYPES OF TRUNKING SYSTEM
15/7/05 13
There are two types of trunked systems which are commonly used.

The first type offers no queuing for call requests.That is, for every user
who request service, it is assumed there is no setup time and the user is
given immediate access to a channel if one is available.

If no channels are available, the requesting user is blocked without
access and is free to try again later.

This type of trunking is called blocked calls cleared.

It is assumed that there are infinite number of users and there are
memory less arrivals of requests, there are finite number of channels
available.The capacity of a radio adopting this concept is tabulated for
various values of GOS.
15/7/05 14
Assumptions deciding Erlang B table :
A request for channel may come at any time.
All free channels are fully available for servicing calls until all
channels are occupied.
Call durations are exponentially distributed. Longer calls are less
likely to happen.
Traffic requests also follows exponentially distribution of inter-arrival
times. Mulitple requests will not occur at regular intervals.
Inter-arrival times of call requests from different users are
independent of each other.
There are finite number of channels available in the trunking pool.
Types of Trunking Systems
15/7/05 15
Blocked Calls Delayed System
GOS ( delay calls) = exp ( - ( C - A ) t / H )
C = No of channels,
A = Traffic Intensity obtained from chart,
t = Time (secs ) for which call is delayed
H = Average duration of calls

GOS ( blocked delayed calls ) = GOS x GOS (delay calls)
GOS = Targetted GOS
Types of Trunking Systems
15/7/05 16
The second type of trunked system is one in which a queue is
provided to hold calls which are blocked.If a channel is not
available immediately,the call request may be delayed until a
channel becomes available. This type of trunking is called Blocked
Calls Delayed,and the GOS in this case is defined as the
probability that a call is blocked after waiting a specific length of
time in the queue.If no channels are immediately available the call
is delayed .The GOS for delayed system is calculated by the
formula shown above.

The first formula calculates the percentage of calls that will be
delayed for a period (t) for a traffic intensity A (which is
calculated from the chart keeping a target GOS) .
The second formula calculates the percentage of blocking after a
delay of t seconds, that is percentage of attempts denied after being
queued for t seconds.
15/7/05 17
Calculation of no of TCH required in a cell* depends on :
GOS & Traffic Intensity
Traffic Intensity = No of users x Traffic Intensity per user
No of users depends on demographic data as :
Population Distribution
Car usage distribution
Income
Fixed Line data
Service cost
Mobile Phone cost
* Cell area depends on propagation factors
Traffic Channel Dimensioning
15/7/05 18
Example : Car usage distribution
1L
1L
4L
2L
2L
1L
2L
1L
1L
4L streets = 1.1 Km
2L streets = 2.1 km
1L streets = 6.4 km
Avg Spacing between
vehicles = 10m
Total vehicles in 100%
street congestion case
= 1500
For 50% penetration
= 750 users
Traffic = 750 x 0.025 = 18.5 erl;
corresponds to 27 TCH's
Estimating No of users and Traffic
15/7/05 19
Traffic Intensity = 750 x 0.025 = 18.5 erlangs

At GOS of 2 %, we need 27 TCH's

& 9 SDCCH's.

A cell configured with 4 ARFCN with B+D & 1 D config,
will provide 12 SDCCH's and 30 TCH's which satisfies.

Another method of achieving is with 2 sectors, each having
2 ARFCN's , with B & D config, which will give 8 SDCCH and
14 TCH in each sectored cell .
Estimating Channels from last case
15/7/05 20

1L
1L
4L
2L
2L
1L
2L
1L
1L
Cell Configuration
15/7/05 21
CONNECTIVITY PLANNING
15/7/05 22

MSC ----- PSTN

MSC ----- BSC

MSC ----- TRANSCODER *

BSC ----- TRANSCODER *

BSC ----- BTS
WHAT TO CONNECT ?
15/7/05 23

S

Abis

A
A
BSC
Transcoder
MSC
BTS
13 Kbps
16 Kbps
16 Kbps
64 Kbps
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 S S 0 1 2 3
Speech on Terrestrial circuit
15/7/05 24
BTS
13 Kbps
TCH/SDCCH are the traffic resources

8 PCHN on 1 ARFCN

Minimum 1 PCHN required for CCCH / and SDCCH

1 ARFCN gives 7 TCH max and 4 SDCCH min.

TCH's and SDCCH's can be altered by adding carriers
and channel configurations
Air Interface
15/7/05 25

E1 / T1
Abis is a G.703 interface. It could be E1 or T1
Abis carriers Traffic information of all the mobiles in the cells controlled by the
BTS.
Abis also carries signaling information between BTS and BSC
Signaling over Abis is done by LAPD protocols
LAPD has several modes of implementation
--- LAPD
--- LAPD Concentrated
--- LAPD Multiplexed
Each TCH/F on Air Interface requires 16kbps sub-channel on Abis.
16 kbps subchannel on Abis is a nailed connection also known as RTF
Abis Interface
15/7/05 26
Abis is the PCM interface between the BSC and MSC. Physically
this is a G.703 interface and could be E1 or T1. in all our further
discussions we will consider E1.

Abis carrier the traffic and signaling information for all the
transceivers inside the BTS. It also carries O&M information
between the BSC and BTS, like the control commands coming from
the BSC and traffic reports originated by the BTS.

Abis used the HDLC protocol for signaling which is LAPD ( Link
Access Protocol on D channel ).

LAPD has several modes of operation. What modes means is how
the signaling circuits are distributed over the E1 interface, whether
each TRX has separate signaling circuits or several TRX signaling
information is concentrated or multiplexed on limited signaling
circuits.
15/7/05 27

LAPD Modes
LAPD
Signaling for each TRX is on a dedicated 64 Kbps circuit
Maximum Signalling for 10 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps
0 Sync
64 kbps
1 TRX Signaling
64 kbps
2 4 Traffic Channels
64 kbps
64 kbps
4 TRX Signaling
64 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
7 TRX Signaling
64 kbps
64 kbps
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
Abis Interface
15/7/05 28
The first LAPD mode illustrated above is the LAPD basic mode. In
this mode each TRX has a separate signaling circuit of 64 Kbps.

Each signaling circuit has two immediate 64 Kbps Traffic circuits.

GSM used 13 kbps of speech rate on the air interface, to which
some TRAU information is added and it becomes 16 Kbps.

Four such 16 kbps traffic channels are mapped on one 64 Kbps
circuit. Each TRX has 8 traffic channels. So for each Transceiver,
two 64 kbps circuits are required, one for Traffic and one for
Signaling.

With this mode, 10 Transceivers can be accommodated on one E1.
15/7/05 29

LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 1
Signaling for 4 TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps ciruit
Maximum Signalling for 13 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 4 x TRX Signaling
64 kbps 2 4 Traffic Channels
64kbps 10 4 x TRX Signaling
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
Abis Interface
15/7/05 30
In this mode which is LAPD Concentrated Signaling
information for certain number of TRX's are concentrated on a
single 64 kbps circuit. There are two different methods of
concentration.

The above figure illustrates one method in which on one 64
kbps circuit the signaling information for 4 TRX's are
concentrated. This is typically done by creating 16 kbps
subchannels. So with this method 13 TRXs signaling as well as
speech can be accommodated on a single E1 Link.
15/7/05 31

LAPD Modes
LAPD Concentrated mode 2
Signaling for All TRX's is on a dedicated 64 Kbps circuit
Maximum Signaling for 15 Transceivers on 1 E1 link
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 ALL TRX Signaling
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
Abis Interface
15/7/05 32
In this type of concentrated LAPD mode , signaling for all the
Transcevier are concentrated on one 64 kbps circuit. With
this, 15 TRX's signaling and Speech can be accommodated on
1xE1 link. This method is becoming very popular and is
adopted by many of the NEMS.
15/7/05 33

LAPD Modes
LAPD Multiplexed
Signaling for each TRX is on 16kbps subchannel.
Maximum signaling for 15 TRX's on
64 kbps 0 Sync
64 kbps 1 TRX Signaling/ 3 Traffic Channels
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
} 1 TRX
Abis Interface
15/7/05 34
LAPD multiplexed is a mode in which Signaling for
each TRX is on a 16 kbps circuit which is
multiplexed with 3 speech channels of 16 Kbps. So
for each TRX two 64 kbps circuits are required.
15/7/05 35
Capacity = No of TCH at BTS + No LAPD signaling circuits + OML*
For Local Transcoding
Capacity on Abis is the number of 64 kbps circuits required
For Remote Transcoding
Capacity = No of TCH at BTS / 4 + No LAPD signalling circuits + OML*
Capacity = Number of 64 kbps circuits
No of TCH = Sum of all TCH's in each sector at the BTS
No of LAPD circuits = Depends on LAPD mode
OML = optional ( vendor dependent )
Abis Interface Capacity
15/7/05 36

15 speech ch
C1
C2
C3
15 speech ch
15 speech ch
1 cell = 15 x 16 kbps speech channels
3 cells = 45 x 16 kbps speech channels
= 12 x 64 kbps speech channels
1 BTS = 12 + 1 ( RSL ) = 13 x 64 kbps
channels

BSC
Example
Abis Interface Capacity
15/7/05 37
The BSC to BTS Link is connected by E1 signaling system,which
uses a 2.048 Mbps stream with 32 x 64kbps channels.
The link between the BSC to BTC is termed as Radio Signaling Link.

In a sectorial cell configuration, one BTS supports 3 cells.
Take a case where each cell has 2 carriers which means there are 16
physical channels in this cell. With only one channel reserved for
control, 15 channels will be available for speech.
So for one BTS with 3 cells, will have 45 speech channels of 16 kbps,
each will in turn occupy 12 channels of 64 kbps on the RSL Link.

That is, including the RSL channel which occupies 1 x 64 kbps slot
on the link, overall 13 x 64 kbps channels are required for 1 BTS.
15/7/05 38
A BTS has 3 sectored cells.
Each cell has a subscriber capacity of 600, calculate the
number of TCH and SDCCH required at GOS 2 % and also
calculate the capacity on the Abis interface with LAPD
concentrated mode 2 signaling.
Exercise !!!
15/7/05 39
Maximum BTS's Capacity on "A" interface
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 40
No of BTS's supported by the BSC is vendor specific

It is generally based on either or both of below :

1. Maximum number of TRX's BSC can support
(in terms of traffic)

2. Maximum number of PCM interfaces BSC can support.
Max PCM interfaces can be optmized by selecting BTS configurations
Maximum BTS's
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 41
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
Star Configuration
BTS
BTS configuration
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 42

Chain Configuration
BTS BSC
BTS
13 x 64 kbps
ch
26 x 64 kbps
ch
1 x E1
1 x E1
BTS configuration
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 43

Loop configuration
A
B
B
A
A
B
BSC
BTS
BTS
A
B
BTS configuration
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 44
Each BTS needs 13 x 64 kbps circuits
Calculate the Number of E1 Links for each of the links ?
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS
A
B
C
D
E
F
BTS
BTS
BTS
G
BTS
H
BTS
I
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
J
K
L
M
N
O
Exercise !
15/7/05 45
Capacity on "A" Interface
Capacity on A interface depends on Traffic of BSC at targeted GOS.
Traffic of BSC = No of Subscribers under BSC x Traffic per Subscriber
From calculated traffic, using Erlang B table calculate the
number of circuits required.
Capacity = No of Speech Circuits + Signaling Circuits
For Local Transcoding
For Remote Transcoding
Capacity = No of Speech Circuits/4 + Signaling Circuits
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 46
Signalling Circuit Capacity on A interface
Calculate the BHCA per second

BHCA : No of SDCCH attempts ( call+updates) x No of Subscribers .

On average each attempt requires 6 signaling messages
No of messages per second = 6 x BHCA per second
On average each message is of 25 octets
Capacity of Signaling circuit ( kbps ) = 25octets x No of messages per second
Signaling circuits
SS7 "A" Link : Used for MSC - BSC signaling
OML : For OMC
TBL : Transcoder BSC Link
Capacity for SS7 link
BSC Capacity
15/7/05 47
= 1 x E1 = 112 x 16 kbps chs
= 1 x E1 = 30 x 64 kbps chs
MSC
BSC
TRANS
CODER
4 x E1 = 120 x 64 kbps chs
Transcoder - MSC Cpacity
15/7/05 48
BSC to MSC link also uses E1 signaling structure.
The above figure considers the case for remote transcoding.The
capacity of the BSC to Transcoder link should be planned out on
the basis of number of BTS connected to the BSC.
The BSC to transcoder is an E1 link having 32 channels, out of
which;
1 for MSC signaling
1 for OMC signaling
1 for Transcoder signalling
1 for sync.
So 28 channels are left out for speech which are 64kbps each so
this will result into 112 x 16kbps speech channels. After
transcoding these 16 kbps channels will map on to 64 kbps
channels, so for 1 x 16 kbps channel coming to the transcoder will
become 1 x 64 kbps channel going towards MSC.
That is 112 x 16 kbps channels will require a capacity of 112 x
64kbps on the MSC link, which will result into 4 E1.
15/7/05 49
MSC Capacity = No of Subscribers x Traffic per subscriber
Long term calculation is based on Population Penetration
--- Population Penetration is the mobile population
out of total population of PLMN ( city )
Population Penetration = Total Population x Penetration rate
Example : For a city population of 10,000000 with penetration
rate of 2 %.
Population Penetration = 200000
MSC Capacity = 10,000 Erlangs
MSC Capacity = Population Penetration x Traffic per subscriber
MSC Capacity
15/7/05 50
MSC - PSTN Link Capacity
--- Estimate the % of PSTN calls from Total calls
--- Calculate the PSTN Traffic based on above estimation
--- Set a GOS
--- Calculate the no of channels by using Erlang B Table

Network Elements Capacity

Capacity Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Capacity Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

15/7/05 1

You might also like