Three phase models of Transformer

Being a balanced 3 phase device it is represented by its eqvt.

sequence network.
Also modeled in phase coordinate method based on primitive
admittance matrix.

Primitive Admittance model of 3 phase transformer
Consider a 2 winding 3 phase transformer
The primitive network and primitive admittance matrix
is given by
Assuming flux path to be symmetrically distributed between
windings
If inter phase coupling neglected, the coupling is
modeled as for a single phase unit
Admittance matrix is

Admittance model of actual connected network is
formed by linear transformation.
Consider a star-star connected transformer with neutral
solidly grounded
The connection matrix is given by







Nodal admittance matrix is

Similarly for a star G-delta transformer
Two winding transformer represented as two
compound coils

Sequence component modeling of 3 phase
Transformer
With reference to star G-delta connection, its y node
can be partitioned into self and mutual elements and
transformation can be applied to obtain the
sequence admittance submatrces.
Three phase load flow solution
For assessing the unbalanced operation of an
interconnected system and any significant load
unbalance, three phase LF algorithm is necessary.
Formulation of unbalanced load flow problem
requires the formation of nodal admittance matrix of
the unbalanced network.
This is assembled by taking one element at a time
and modifying the matrix of partial network to
reflect the addition. The process is continued till all
elements such as machines, lines, transformers,
shunt parameters etc are considered.

Overall system admittance matrix is formed by
combining the subsystem admittance matrix.

>The self admittance of any bus bar is the sum of all
the individual self admittance matrices at that bus
bar.

>The mutual admittance between any two bus bars is
the sum of the individual mutual admittance
matrices from all the subsystems containing those
two nodes.


Three phase system behavior is given by the nodal
equation,
[I] - [Y] [V]=0
Where Y is the nodal admittance matrix or system
admittance matrix containing all sort of unbalances
of the system.

Each bus bar is represented by three nodes, each
representing a phase.
Each neutral is a node if not solidly grounded.
Each load is assumed decoupled in to three parts and
each is connected to a node.
Notations used

AC system is considered to have a total of n bus bars,
n=nb + ng
nb=no. of actual system bus bars
ng=no. of synch machines
i, j - system bus bars
i=1, nb all load bus bars+ all generator terminal bus bar
i=nb+1, nb+ng-1 all generator internal bus bar except the
slack machine
i=nb + ng internal bus bar at slack machine

reg- voltage regulator
Int- internal bus bar at a generator
gen- generator
p, m- three phases at a particular bus


The minimum and sufficient set of variables to define the
three-phase system under steady-state operation.

The slack generator internal bus bar voltage magnitude V
int
j
where j = nb + ng.
(The angle
int j
is taken as a reference.)

The internal busbar voltage magnitude V
int j
and angles
int j

at all other generators,
i.e. j = nb + 1, nb + ng - 1. (Only two variables are associated
with each generator internal bus bar as the
three-phase voltages are balanced)

The three voltage magnitudes (V
i
p
) and angles (
i
p
) at
every generator terminal bus bar and every load bus bar in
the system, i.e. i = 1, nb and p = 1,3
The equations necessary to solve for the above set of
variables are derived from the specified operating
conditions,

The individual phase real and reactive power loading
at every system bus bar.
The voltage regulator specification for every
synchronous machine.
The total real power generation of each synchronous
machine, with the exception of slack machine.
At slack machine, fixed voltage in phase and
magnitude, is applicable to the three-phase load
flow.
The mathematical statement of the specified
conditions in terms of Y matrix is as follows
1. For each of the three phases ( p ) at every load and
generator terminal bus bar (i),





2. For every generator j,



where k is the bus number of the j
th
generators terminal
bus bar.

3. For every generator j , with the exception of the
slack machine, i.e. j nb + ng,






the mutual terms G
jk
and B
jk
are nonzero only when k is
the terminal bus bar of the j
th
generator.





The mathematical formulation of 3 phase LF problem
is given by the above three set of independent
algebraic eqn in terms of system variables.

Load Flow solution is the set of variables which
makes up on substitution the mismatches in the eqn
equal to zero.

The solution is obtained in an iterative manner using
the Fast Decoupled algorithm.
The problem is defined as

The effects of on reactive power flows and V on
real power flows are ignored, therefore
[ I ] = [M] = [J] = [ N ] = 0
and [C] = [GI = 0.

In addition, the voltage regulator specification is
assumed to be in terms of the terminal voltage
magnitudes only and therefore
[D] = [H] = 0.

The equation in decoupled form is



for i, k = 1, nb and j, I = 1, ng - 1 (i.e. excluding the slack
generator), l refers to generator internal bus bar
and


for i, k = 1, nb and j , I = 1, ng (i.e. including the slack
generator).



Jacobian elements are given as follows
Consider for a generator internal bus bar l

the sub matrix A &B is given by




Similarly E & F is given by






Where [F
jl
]=0 for all jl because the j
th
generator has no
connection with the l
th
generators internal bus bar

Sub matrix K,P,L&R is given by







[L
m
jk
]=0, when k is not the terminal bus bar of j
th

generator










[R
jl
]=0 for all j, l as the voltage regulator specification
does not include the variables V
int


Jacobian approximations
1. At all nodes (all phases of all bus bars)


2. Between connected nodes of same phase,



3. The phase angle unbalance at any busbar will be
small


4. The angle between different phases of connected
bus bars will be 120
o
i.e.


Applying approximation to the jacobians we get the
eqns as







where
All the terms in matrix [M] are constant and is same
as [B] matrix except for the off diagonal terms
which connects nodes of different phases.

The reliability and speed of convergence can be
improved with some modification in the defining
function.
1. The left-hand side defining functions are redefined
as [P
p
i
/ V
p
i
] , [P
gen j
/V
int j
] and [Q
p
i
/ V
p
i
]
2. In equation (1), the remaining right-hand-side V
terms are set to 1 p.u.
3. In equation(2), the remaining right-hand-side V
terms are cancelled by the corresponding terms in
the right-hand-side vector.
There fore the eqn becomes,
As V
reg
is normally a simple linear function of
the terminal voltages, [L] will be a constant matrix
Therefore, the Jacobian matrices [B] and [ B ] in
equations have been approximated to constants.

The final algorithmic eqn may be written as





The eqns are now solved iteratively using the
algorithms
Starting values for the iterations are assigned
as
1. The non voltage-controlled bus bars are
assigned 1 p.u. on all phases.
2. At generator terminal bus bars all voltages
are assigned values according to the voltage
regulator specifications.
3. All system bus bar angles are assigned 0, -
120
0
, + 120
0
for the three phases
respectively.
4. The generator internal voltages and angles
are calculated from the specified real power.
5. For the slack machine the real power is
estimated as the difference between total
load and total generation plus a small
percentage (say 8%) of the total load to
allow for losses
Form the system admittance model from the
raw data for each system component.

Constant Jacobians B' and B" are formed from
the system admittance matrix.

Each equation are then solved using the
iterative technique.

The iterative solution process yields the values
of the system voltages which satisfy the
specified system conditions of load,
generation and system configuration.

The three-phase bus bar voltages, the line
power flows and the total system losses are
calculated.