Presented By: M.

Aamir Sohail khan

&
sufyan saleem
Dept, of electrical engineering
bahaudian zakariya university
Multan , Pakistan

1 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UCE&T BZU MULTAN
HV Distribution System
1. Radial System
2. Closed Loop System
3. Open Loop System
4. Double Supply System
5. Grid Form Of HV System
6. Improved Radial System
LV Distribution System
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Primary distribution
system is that part
of the electric
distribution system
between distribution
substation and
distribution
transformers.
It is made
up of circuits called
primary feeders or
distribution feeders.
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4
In this system all the sections/branches of a
feeder are fed from a single source in a
fixed direction



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Load
Load
Load
Generator
In this it is shown
that there are two
primary feeders
from which further
subfeeders supply to
there respective
loads. If any one of
the feeder becomes
faulty then supply
through that feeder
has to cut so no
reliability
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Merits Reasons
Simple in design, construction,
operation and maintenance
Suitable size of conductor.
Very simple protection schemes.
Maintenance easy.
Easy fault current calculations.

cheapest system No extra length of line and
switching arrangements
required.
Less capital cost as different
sizes of conductors can be used.
As no alternative arrangements
are necessary so shortest route
can be adopted hence cost
saving
As used in rural areas so large
spans can be used which further
reduces cost

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Demerits Reasons
Very poor service reliability In case of fault on a feeder the
supply to consumers from those
feeders is cutoff and restored
on fault removal.
Excessive voltage drop and line
losses
Due to passage of total current
through the common main
section of the feeder, voltage
drop(IR) and line losses will be
more as compared to the system
which facilitates distribution of
load currents into two or more
paths
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It is considered more suitable for the areas
with low density of load involving long
distances and requiring low degree of
availability.
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10

5
132KV

4

Grid Station

11KV

3


2

Distribution
Transformer




1



5








3

11KV
2

Distribution
Substation




0.4KV

1

What is closed loop system?
If a HT line emanating from a Grid station and
covering the load area in shape of a loop,
finishes at the same Grid station returning to
same breaker or another independent breaker it
is called closed loop and the system is called
closed loop system.
In this system each transformer has two
sectinalizers, one on either side of the
transformers tap-off point.

Typical wapda closed loop system
Bus bar
Station circuit breaker
Sectionalizing
switch closed
transformer
Load Sectionalizing switch
closed
Merits of closed loop system
1. This system is more reliable than radial system.
At fault breaker at grid station opens.
After tracing the fault the faulty section is isolated, and
supply to remaining section is restored.
The consumers dont have to wait very long till the
rectification of the fault as in the case of Radial system.
In case of two simultaneously faults, the consumers have to
wait much till the rectification of the fault of at least one
section. But possibility of two simultaneously faults is less.
It is usually preferred that there must be two breakers
instead of one.
2. Less voltage drop, less line losses
As compared to radial system the voltage drop and line
losses is less.



De merits of closed loop system
This is an expensive system because of the
following reasons.

It requires extra length of loop to complete the loop back to sub-
station.
Each transformer has to be provided with two sectionalizers , in
absence of which the loop does not sere any purpose.
In emergency total load of loop may have to be served from one
side of loop, so higher size conductors are required to carry twice
the current. Cost increases.
Similarly in low load section the load during emergency must be
more than 50%.
They are used for small loops, If loop size is so large then the
fault location time may exceed up to 5 to 6 hours. and if
consumers are without electricity for this time then there is no
justification to install such a system
Application

It is usually recommended for HIGH density areas where
distances are small. preferably for urban areas.

This system can be equally useful for rural areas where
economy so permits. But to ensure effectiveness the loop
should be of small size.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGH, B.Z.U.
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
In a closed-loop system with two breakers( one
at each end), if one of the two sectionalizers
of low-load-section is kept normally open,
the system is named as open-loop system.
COMPARISON b/w CLOSED-LOOP &
OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM
CLOSED-LOOP

OPEN-LOOP

If fault occurs, the supply of
the whole loop goes off.
The effect of fault is limited
to faulty part, as one
circuit breaker operates.
Total loop has to be patrolled
for fault location.

The faulty part of the loop is
clearly known.

ADVANTAGES
Economical
Availability of service is improved
Locating fault is easy

TRANSFORMER
SECTIONALIZING
SWITCH (OPEN)
SUBSTATION BUS
SECTIONALIZING
SWITCH
(CLOSED)
STATION CIRCUIT
BREAKER
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM
HRC FUSE
Load
Double Supply System
Additional radial feeder is provided side by
side to feed the same consumer.

Using automatic change over switches.

Duplicate supply system or parallel
feeders.

Substation Bus
Circuit Breaker
Sectionalizing switch
F
U
S
E

TRANSFORMERS
LOAD
LOAD
Merits and Demerits
Advantages Disadvantages
Higher service reliability. Very Expensive
Extra feeders are installed
which doubles the cost.
Cost of sectionalizers.
Additional length of line needed
to connect the feeder to the
transformer.
Less line losses. Reduced Safety
GRID FORM OF H.V SYSTEM
In this system all the distribution transformers of a load area, are
interconnected providing normally two or more alternatives. while
the whole system is fed from two or more bulk supply sources.
But availability can not be improved through
manual operation of sectionalizer to isolate faulty section during
emergency as it will take quite a considerable time to identify the
faulty section and to determine the better alternative.
as manual operation may result in wrong
operation due to complexity of the system so to have a real benefit
of this system, automatic switching arrangements with sophisticated
protection schemes should be provided including establishment of a
remote control center.
C.B C.B C.B C.B
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C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B
C.B
C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B
C.B
C.B
STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
C.B C.B
11KV BUS BAR
132KV BUS BAR
DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMER
C.B C.B C.B C.B
400 VOLT
400 VOLT

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OG GRIF FORM OF H.V-DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Merits
Most reliable because normally no possibility of failure of
supply and availability is almost 100%.
In case of two simultaneous faults, service to the
consumers will not be affected at all, or effect will be
limited.
Demerits
It is most costly system.

Applications
The system being the most reliable, and at the same time
the most costly, is recommended for the areas of highest
priority of supply with very high load density.
If the economy for a county is not a problem, this system
is considered the most suitable one for urban areas,
specially the big cities
In this system we use sectionalizers so that in
case of fault on one feeder a part of that can
fed by other.
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Usually Radial system is used due to
following reasons:

As LT lines feed only one or few consumers so
in case of fault only few consumers are
affected.
Simplest and cheapest.

In some important areas Open
loop and Closed loop systems might also be
used.

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