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Part B2: Hydropower

B2.2 Hydropower system design
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B2.2 Hydropower system design
Topics: System design
Entry arrangements
Forbays, penstock inlets
Penstocks and surge control
Size of the penstock, pressure forces, anchoring
the penstock, water hammer and its control
Exit arrangements
draft tubes
Turbine selection
Force triangles, Turbine types, specific speed,
cavitation and its prevention
Electronics and control
Types of generator, Turbine control,
transmission
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B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Anatomy of a
forebay
4
B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Anatomy of a
forebay
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B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Trash rack losses
4 3
2
sin
2
t t
t v
h K
b g
|
| |
=
|
\ .
Values for K
t
6
B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: trash racks
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B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Alternatives to trash
racks
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B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Velocity into the
penstock
v
1
v
3
p
1
p
3
Energy line
v
2
p
2
h
t
Typical values for penstock velocities 2-5 m/s
1 2
2
t
v v gh = =
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B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Entry losses into
the penstock
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Type K
e
Hooded 1.0
Projecting 0.8
Sharp corner 0.5
Slightly rounded 0.2
Bell mouth (r>0.14D) 0
B2.2.1 Hydropower system design
Entry arrangements: Entry losses into
the penstock
2
2
e e
v
h K
g
=
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Comparison of penstock
materials
Material Friction
loss
Weight Corrosion
resistance
Cost Ease of
Jointing
Pressure
resist
Ductile iron
Asbestos cement
Concrete
Wood staves
GRP
uPVC
Mild steel
HDPE
MDPE
Poor Excellent
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Installation
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Friction losses in penstocks
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B2.1.1 Fundamentals of Hydro power
The energy equation: Implications:
Flow in pipes: Friction: Moody diagram
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B2.1.1 Fundamentals of Hydro power
The energy equation: Implications:
Flow in pipes: Friction: Equations
Blasius equation
For hydraulically smooth pipe
(Re 4,000 100,000)
0.25
0.3164
Re
f =
Swamee-Jain equation
10
-6
< k/D < 0.01
(5,000 3x10
8
)
2
10 0.9
0.25
5.74
log
3.7 Re
f
k
D
=
( | |
+
| (
\ .
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B2.1.1 Fundamentals of Hydro power
The energy equation: Implications:
Flow in pipes: Friction: Nomogram
Darcys formula



See B2.1.1
2
2
f
L v
h f
D g
| |
=
|
\ .
Typical penstock losses are 5-10%
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Multiple penstocks
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Losses in bends
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Losses in bends
r/D


K
b
1 0.6
2 0.5
3 0.4
4 0.3
For 45 use K x 0.75
For 2 use K x 0.5
r
D
2
2
b b
v
h K
g
=
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Other Losses
Contractions



Valves
D
1
/d
2
K
c
1.5 0.25
2 0.35
2.5 0.40
5 0.50
Type K
v
Spherical 0
Gate 0.1
Butterfly 0.3
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Energy lines
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Anatomy of a penstock
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Slide blocks
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F
e
= Force due to extension
C
e
= Coefficient of extension
AT = Change in temperature
E = Youngs modulus
D = Penstock diameter
t = Wall thickness
B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Thermal expansion
F
e
F
e
e e
F C T E Dt t = A
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Expansion joints
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Forces on bends
2 sin
2
h
F gh A
| o

| |
=
|
\ .
2 sin
2
v
F Q v
| o

| |
=
|
\ .
Hydrostatic
Velocity
F

= fluid density
g = gravity
h = total head
A = penstock area
Q = discharge
v = velocity
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Bends
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Forces on bends: Thrust
blocks
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Anatomy of a penstock
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Water hammer
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T
c
= critical time (s)
L = pipe length (m)
C
p
= speed of sound in the pipe
C
w
= speed of sound in water
(1420m s
-1
)
G = bulk density of water
(2GPa)
E = Youngs modulus
D = diameter of the pipe (m)
t = wall thickness (m)
Ah = additional pressure due to water
hammer (m of water)
g = gravity
Av = Change in flow velocity (m s
-1
)
B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Water hammer
2
c
p
L
T
c
=
1
w
p
c
c
G D
E t
=
+
p
c
h v
g
A = A
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Water hammer: Dealing with it
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Water hammer: Dealing with it:
Surge tanks
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B2.2.2 Hydropower system design
Penstocks: Getting it wrong
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B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Draft tubes
Parallel sided Tapered
Allows turbine to be set
above water level but
uses vacuum pressure on
underside to increase
effective head
Recovers part of the
velocity head by
diffusion action
Limited by the vapour pressure of water
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B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Draft tubes: Exercise
Using Bernoulli's equation and mass
continuity, show how a tapered turbine
regains velocity head and converts it to
pressure reduction at the turbine
p
2
v
2
p
1
v
1
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B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Draft tubes: configurations
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B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Draft tubes
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B2.2.3 Hydropower system design
Draft tubes
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