Pumps-Centrifugal

-Shammi Apurva
Pumps-Defination
Pumps are the mechanical devices which
rotates and reciprocates to move fluid from
one point to another i.e from low elevation to
high elevation,low pressure area to high
purpose area.
Types Of Pumps
Dynamic Pump(Centrifugal).
Positive Displacement Pump.

Dynamic Pump: Dynamic (kinetic) pumps such as centrifugal pumps in which energy is
imparted to the pumped liquid by means of a moving impeller or propeller rotating on a shaft.The kinetic
energy imparted to the fluid in terms of velocity by moving impeller is converted ton pressure as the liquid
leaves the impeller and moves through a stationary volute or diffuser casing.
Positive Displacement Pump: Positive-displacement pumps are those pumps in which
energy is imparted to liquid in a fixed displacement volume such as a casing or cylinder by the rotating motion of gears,
screw or vanes,by reciprocating pistons or by plunger.
Major drawback of positive displacement is that it cant operate against closed valve on discharge side of pump,as it
doesnt have shut off head as that in centrifugal pump.
# In this presentation we will consider the dynamic
pumps,their parts and Selection procedures.


Centrifugal Pump
Rotating and stationary components

Classification of Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump are further classified into 3 categories as per API-610:

Overhung Pump
Between Bearing Pumps
Vertically Suspended Pumps

Generally, Overhung Pump are used in different process as it is small in size ,least expensive & is most efficient.

Between Bearing Pumps are used where the heads are very high. They are further classified as on the basis of
stages and split (Axial and Radial Split)
Radial Split are taken into consideration on following measures:
1.Pumping temperature of 200 C (400 F) .
2. Liquids with a relative density of less than 0,7 at the specified pumping temperature.
3. Liquids at a rated discharge gauge pressure above 10 MPa (100 bar; 1 450 psi).

Vertical Pumps are mainly used where sump is present or is placed in tank .
Overhung Pump
Vertical Inline Horizontal

Between Bearing Pumps







Radial Split Axial Split
Impellars
An impeller (or impellar) is a rotor inside a tube or conduit used to
increase (or decrease in case of turbines) the pressure and flow of a fluid.
An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump, usually made
of iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminum or plastic, which transfers energy
from the motor that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by
accelerating the fluid outwards from the center of rotation.

Types Of Impellar:
Open Impellar
Enclosed Impellar
Semi-Open Impellar



Impellar-Types
Open Impellar Enclosed Impellar
Semi-Open Impellar


Open Impellar: Simple in design and low cost
Disadvantage:distortion,efficienc is low,structural weakness.
Enclosed Impellar: This impellar are generally used in pump handling clear
liquid to save from back flow we will provide thrust bearing.
Semi-Open : This type of impellar are easy to manufacture,efficiency is high.

#lower disc friction and tighter axial clearances-Works more efficiently
than other impellar,
accessible for applying surface hardening treatments & easy to
manufacture.

Types Of Flow
Axial Flow:


Radial Flow:


Mixed Flow:
Selection Criteria -Pump
Selection of process pumps can be mainly divided on the basis of liquid
characteristics as well as on other following conditions:

1.Pump for viscous liquids-
2.Pump for clear liquids-
3.Pump for low flow-
4.Pump for corrosive liquids
5.Pump for slurry
6.Pumps for specific Service
7.Pump for high pressure service
8.Pump for low energy
9.Pump for low maintenance cost
10.Pump with high standard of safety in operations
11.Pump for specific speed


Certain points to be considered during
pump selection are:
Fluid Characteristics: In this, we generally go along the service name of
fluid for which pumps are designed.Under this,Chemical identity of fluid
also comes such as corrosive ,toxic etc.
Specific Gravity: It is the ratio of weight of a given volume of solid/liquid
to that of an equal volume of water .
Viscosity: It is the property of a liquid which resists the flow of the liquid
(opposite of fluidity).Viscosity decreases with rise in temperature.
Temperature:
Lubricating quality of liquid handled:
Space available for pump:
System head


Pump Design
The design of pump covers the various engineering activities related to
parameters,which are required to perform pump calculation.
The following parameters are to be considered:

1.Flow Rate.
2.Head Requirement.
3.NPSH available.
4.Design pressure and temperature.
5.Power Requirements.
6.Driver Type
7.Hazards Caused by fluid properties such as flammability,toxicity and
corrosivity.
8.Fluid Status eg. Solid Contents, Dissolved gases.
9.Material Of Construction.
10.Number Of Installed Pumps. (number in service + number of spares).

NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head: The pressure required at the suction of pressure to prevent
cavitation. Here,positve means above zero.
The Net Positive Suction head is an important factor in the design of pumps and
distinction must be made between:
The NPSH available(NPSHa) in a pumping service determined by the process designer.
The NPSH required (NPSHr) of the selected pump as specified by the pump vendor.
NPSH is closly related to cavitation .Cavitation is basically the formation of bubbles due to
low pressure area and subsequently collapses upon migration to a high pressure area.
NPSHa: NPSHa stands for Net Positive Suction Head available.It is the net remaining
pressure at the suction flange of the pump after subtracting all negative forces that
restrict liquid from getting into the pump.NPSHa is the pump characteristics,provided
by process engineer.
NPSHr: A similar term NPSHr is used by pump manufactures to describe the energy
losses that occur within many pumps as the fluid volume is allowed to expand within
the pump body. This energy loss is expressed as a head of fluid.NPSHr values are given
by vendors based on their pump models.


Formulas used:

NPSHa : (Pe +Pb Pd)/ * g .( MDS-Mechancial Datasheets)

NPSHr = (as per PUMP PDS-Pump Datasheets)

A = 7.2 for double suction and 3.6 for single suction pumps
Note:The difference between NPSHa to NPSHr is 1.5 and 1.3.

Cavitation: Formation of bubbles due to low pressure area and
subsequently collapses on migration to high pressure area. It causes
vibration in pumps.

Head loss: In practical term it is considered that head loss take place per
100m of straight pipe. Hv = .v2/2g.
Accessories of Pumps
Couplings: Couplings join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
FUNCTIONS OF COUPLINGS:
Flexible couplings join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some
degree of misalignment or end movement or both. The three basic functions of a
flexible coupling are to :
1. Transmit power
2. Accommodate misalignment
3. Compensate for end movement
Types Of Couplings:
1.Mechanical element
2.Elastomeric element
3.Metallic element

Mechanical Seals:
The mechanical seal is a device that forms a barrier between
rotary and stationary parts in the pump.
The seal must block leakage at three points:
1. Between the faces (rotary and stationary) of the seal.
2. Between the stationary element and the seal chamber
housing of the pump.
3. Between the rotary element and the shaft or sleeve of the
pump.
These basic components and functions are common to all
seals. The form, style, and design vary depending on the
service and the manufacturer.



Seal System Categories:

Category 1: Seals used in non-ISO/ API pumps, i.e. preferably meeting the
dimensional requirements of ASME B73.1, ASME B73.2 and ISO 3069.
Temp. Range - -40C to 260C Absolute Pressure Up to 22 bar

Category 2: Seals used in ISO/ API pumps that preferably meets the
dimensional requirements.
Temp. Range - -40C to 400C Absolute Pressure Up to 42 bar

Category 3: Seals used in ISO/ API pumps that preferably meets the
dimensional requirements. But requires rigorous testing and
documentation.
Temp. Range - -40C to 400C Absolute Pressure Up to 42 bar


Seal System Types:

Type A: Seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge design, pusher seal with multiple springs and
in which the flexible element normally rotates. Secondary sealing elements are elastomeric O-rings.

Type B: Seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge design, non-pusher (metal bellows) seal in
which the flexible element normally rotates. Secondary sealing elements are elastomeric O-rings.
A metal bellows seal offers the advantage of having only static secondary seals. It may be specified
instead of the standard Type A seal for low temperature service.

Type A and Type B seals are suitable for temperatures up to 176C.

Type C: Seal is a balanced, inside-mounted, cartridge-design non-pusher (metal bellows) seal in
which the flexible element is normally stationary. Secondary sealing elements are flexible graphite.

Bellows seals are inherently balanced. Stationary metal bellows seals are the primary choice for
high temperature service. Type C seals are for high temperatures up to 400C.


Seal System Arrangements:

Arrangement 1: Seal configurations having one seal per cartridge
assembly.

Arrangement 2: Seal configuration having two seals per cartridge
assembly, with the space between the seals at a pressure less than the
seal chamber pressure.

Arrangement 3: Seal configurations having two seals per cartridge
assembly, utilizing an externally supplied barrier fluid at a pressure greater
than the seal chamber pressure.

The principal difference between Arrangement 2 and Arrangement 3
configurations is the concept of containment of leakage versus the
elimination of process fluid leakage.


Different Seal Plans
Mechanical Seal Plans:

Plan 11
Plan 13
Plan 21
Plan 23
Plan 31
Plan 52
Plan 53 A
Plan 53 B
Plan 62

For furthur reference regarding mechanical seals and their application visit
the websites : www.flowserve.com and API 682.

Pump Control System
Pump control system lie from single hand operated valve to highly
automated valve . For centrifugal pump , either change of speed or change
of valve setting can control the desired variable.

Pump Operation

Series Operation- For Head




Parallel Operation-For Flow
Power Consumption
Pump Power Input: It is mechanical energy at the pump coupling or pump
shaft absorbed from the device.
P= Q.g.H./ 1000. in kW. Or Q.g.H./ 367. in kw where q in m
3
/hr

Drive Rating: It is general consideration that during operation flow and
operating point fluctuates which increases the power consumption of
pump,so for that following safety margins are used for determining the motor
size.
upto 7.5 kw approx.20%
upto 40 kw approx.15%
upto 40 kw approx.10%
If extreme flow fluctuations are expected ,the motor size must be selected
with reference to the maximum possible pump capacity on curves,taking into
consideration: Impellar diameter required,Condition NPShaNPShr,permissible
P/n values for bearings.
Changing the Speed
Trimming the Impeller
Changing the Speed: The same pump has different curves for
different speeds;these curves are interconnected by the similarity
law i.e affinity law.
Q N
H N
2
P N
3
Trimming of Impellers: Impellers are trimmed when excess flow rate are available,
Pump operating far from its design point ,Operating head and flow rate are greater than
process. So,to permanently reduce the output of centrifugal pump operating at constant
speed impeller diameter D is reduced.
(D
1
/D
2
)
2
= Q
1
/Q
2
=H
1
/H
2
Changing the Pump Performance