Ubicom Ch07 Slides

UbiCom Book Slides
1
Ubiquitous computing: smart devices,
environments and interaction
Chapter 7
Context-Aware Systems
(Part A: Contexts & the Context-Aware Lifecycle)
Stefan Poslad
http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom
Chapter 7: Overview
Chapter 7 focuses on:
Internal system properties: context-awareness
External interaction with any type of environment
Focussing more on physical environment
A lesser extent focussing on ICT environment

Ubiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
2
Related Chapter Links
Context-awareness of human environment (iHCI) and
person-awareness and user context acquisition (Chapter 5)
Environment context acquisition: sensors (Chapter 6)
Environment context control: controllers (Chapter 6)
Event-based system models for context-awareness
(Chapter 3)
Goal-based models & sequential environment models
(Chapter 8)
Content adaptation for mobile terminals (Chapter 4)
UI techniques adapted for use in small and large displays
discussed (Chapter 5)

3
Chapter 7: Overview
The slides for this chapter are also expanded and split into
several parts in the full pack
Part A: Contexts & the Context-Aware Lifecycle
Part B: Context Adaptation Design
Part C: Spatial Awareness 1
Part C: Spatial Awareness 2
Part E: Mobile Awareness
Part F: Temporal Awareness & Composite Context
Awareness

4
Lecture Outline
Types of Context and Context Properties
Context Aware Life Cycle
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Mobile User Context Awareness: Call Routing
Content Adaptation for Mobile Terminals
Temporal awareness
Composite Context Awareness

5
6
Smart (Physical) Environments
Physical
Environment
Devices
Context-aware
Physical
Environment
Context Types
CPI
Structure
Human ICT
Location-
aware
GIS
Location
Sensor
or Tag
Device
Display
Content
adaptation
Mobile
aware
Personalisation
Time-
aware
Self-aware
iHCI
Homogeneous
Single
Attribute
Multiple
Attribute
Life-Cycle
Single
Multiple
Heterogeneous
Control
Sense
Adapt
Active
Passive
Operation
Acquire
User
Acquire
Env.
Manage
Present
Process
Context Aware System versus Sensor-
based System

7
Contexts
A context represents the state or situation in the
environment of a system that affects that systems
(application specific) behaviour
There are many definitions of context
There are several dimensions or properties to
characterise contexts
There are many definitions of how to make systems
aware of changes in their context: context awareness
Context-awareness is considered to be one of the
fundamental properties of UbiComp systems and is a
key property of smart environments.

8
Defining Contexts: Concrete
In terms of membership of some set of contexts
Location, identities of nearby people, objects and changes
to those objects
Applications
External environment: physical, human, virtual
Awareness of internal (self) context may also be useful
What, who, where, when, how it is accessed and why,
context is useful (Morse et al. (2000)

9
Context Types: By Application
We can classify context-awareness in terms of types of
applications?
Mobility context-aware

Location aware

Time aware

10
Lecture Outline
Types of Context & Context Properties
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

11
Life-cycle for Context Awareness
Capture Physical Context
Capture User Context
Context Processing
Adapt to Context
Manage contexts

12
13
Configuration
Actuators
Sensors
Environment
Abstraction
Display
User Tasks
Events
User
Context
Context
Store
Store /
Retrieve
Annotated Content
Adapted
Context
Control
Adaptation
User Env
Context
Mediation Env Context
Composition
Context Processing
& Adptation
Environment (Env)
Context Creation
Non-adapted
Context
Access
Control
Annot-
ation
Context Management
Application
User Context
Creation
Context
Control
Access
Context Filter
Policies
Context
Discovery
Discovery
User Context Creation
Acquisition of user context: this can be derived from users
application tasks

Policy creation: created from users tasks to determine how
a user context is mediated by environment contexts

Encapsulation and abstraction: of the user context

Sharing the user context so that it can be distributed and
accessed.

14
Environment Context Creation / Capture
Acquisition:

Encapsulation:

Abstraction:

Filtering:

Sharing:

15
Context Processing
N.B Context acquisition may involve some context pre-
processing, here the focus is on context post-processing.
Context post-processing enables:
Context-composition:
Context Mediation:
Context Adaptation:

16
Context Composition: Motivation
Context composition may also be driven by the need to:
Improve acquisition accuracy for the context

Improve filtering and adaptation of content

Composite contexts are in inherent an application

17
Context Composition: Challenges
Handling heterogeneity of representation
Handling heterogeneity of meaning
Mediating and coordinating context aggregation
Ordering the adaptation to individual contexts
Different weightings for combining contexts
Handling uncertainty in combining contexts
18
Context Composition, Heterogeneous
Contexts & Interoperability
Context-aware systems may depend on & combine:
multiple representations for a single context
.
multiple representations of multiple contexts

Multiple representations determined independently by
different applications & users

19
Context Composition, Heterogeneous
Contexts & Interoperability
Determination of a proposed joint context for meeting
can be complex

Challenge here: to harmonize or standardize annotation
so that they would be consistent used by all users.

Security, e.g., access control could be useful in certain
applications to protect privacy or to limit access,

20
Context Management
Discovery: directory services enable context sources,
stores and users to be registered and discovered.
Storage: of context data into some data resource, may
include

Sharing of environment and goal contexts

Access control:
.

21
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

22
Context Adaptation: Passive vs Active
Passive context adaptation system
Context is presented to users
Context-based tagging (chapter 6)
System is not active in terms of adapting
Active context-adaptation system
Adaptation to context performed by the UbiCom system, not human
users.
Hybrid context adaptive system
Human user guides or corrects the automatic adaptation
23
Context Adaptation Models
Event-based Models (Chapter 3)
Context-awareness links context producer to a context-
consumer or context-adapter
EDA is also similar to a Reactive intelligent system
See Chapter 8
How do we limit the types of interest?
Goal-based Models
Use a (planned) application or user goal to limit the set of
current contexts which are useful
Relation of current context to goal context is
fundamental

24
Context-aware Application: Location
(context) awareness
Goal
context
Current
context
Context
Path
Constraints
Travel to the destination
location
Current location

Planned path from the current
to destination location
Not to deviate too far from the
anticipated or planned position
context;

25
Context-aware Application: Location
(context) awareness
26
Start Context
Move Forward
Context Deviation
Planned Current Context
Move To Side
Re-plan & Move forward
Goal Context Planned Current Context
start
Context Deviation
Move To Side
Context Aware Design Issues
Context Representation
Use of Current versus Past Contexts
Context Determination
Static versus Dynamic CA
Active versus Passive Context Adaptation (done)
Heterogeneous Contexts & Interoperability
Context Composition
27
Context Representations
What type of data structures should be used to model
contexts?
Key-Value pairs
Hierarchies / Markup Schemes, e.g., XML
Graphs
Object Oriented (o-o)
Logic Based: support reasoning about context
Strong Ontology

Which of these is best? Why?

28
Use of Current Context vs. use of
Context History
Simplest type of context-aware system
Uses the current context, the current state, episodic, environment
Operates in an environment that is fully observed and deterministic
But context history can also be used

See Chapter 8 for more in-depth treatment of environments
29
CA Design issues: Context
Determination
Context determination: acquisition, accuracy particularly of
user context can be complex
Active versus passive context acquisition
Single shot (static) versus dynamic acquisition
Heterogeneous context representation (syntax) and
semantics, interoperability
Context distribution: Local context producer but remote
context consumer
30
User Context Determination
4 approaches
Combine several low-level sensor inputs to better infer user
context,

Can Query user profile or model: abstraction that
characterises the user, preferences the user expresses,

Ask users to define their own context.

Observing user interaction

31
Static versus Dynamic CA
Static environment context

Dynamic environment context:

32
Context Adaptation Benefits
Many useful Applications:

Reduces information overload on users

Lessen cognitive load on users

Filter information to fit a mobile device's limited and
physically moving display,

Disabled people

Improve Regulation & Control

33
Context-awareness: Challenges
1. User Contexts may be incorrectly, incompletely, imprecisely
determined or predicted, ambiguous
2. Environment Contexts may be incorrectly, incompletely, imprecisely
defined, determined or predicted.
3. Contexts may exhibits a range of spatial-temporal characteristics
4. Contexts may have alternative representations
5.Contexts may be distributed and partitioned, composed of multiple
parts that are highly interrelated
6. Contexts may generate data huge volumes
7. Context sources and local processes often need to embedded in a
low resource infrastructure
8. Context use can reduce the privacy of humans
9. Awareness of context shifts can distract users
34
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

35
Spatial-Awareness Overview
1. Trigger spatial-aware services
2. Sense / determine current Location
3. Determine the spatial context
4. Service adaptation: adapt spatial information
view w.r.t. to location
36
Spatial-Aware Applications

Applications which trigger use of spatial aware
Navigation, e.g., I'm lost, where is nearest Metro station?
Notification of context change: e.g. traffic queue ahead,
change route..
Querying location context, e.g. What speed limit on this road?
Personal Emergency: e.g. medical and Roadside
Emergency Service Operations: e.g., Are flammables
nearby?
Enterprise Asset Tracking: e.g. Where is water supply?
Public Asset Tracking e.g. where is the train now?
Personal Asset Tracking e.g. I lost my PDA, where is it now?
Location / time based offers, e.g. Free mobile phone calls
while you are in location X
Location & time synchronisation: e.g., ImaHima users
37
Location-Aware vs Spatial Aware vs
Composite Spatial Aware
Triggering
Awareness of a location a point in 3D space

Awareness of a location in relation to another location

Awareness of a location in relating to its surrounding 2D
space

Composite spatial awareness

38
Location Determination Methods
Several common Methods
Proximity Analysis
Triangulation
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Multi-lateration
Trilateration
Received Signal Strength (RSS)

39
Location Determination :
Triangulation
40
If distance AB, angles at A and B are known
then X and Y can be determined using basic
trigonometry

Sin A = Y / a

Sin B = Y / b

Y = a * Sin A = b * Sin B
Cos A = X / a
X = a * Cos A = AB b * Cos B
O
A B
Y
a
b
X
Location determination: TDOA
Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Multilateration
TOA measurement of time signal sent vs. time received:
distance d = time t * signal propagation speed s.
N.B. Assumes accurate clock synchronisation, sender knows time
of transmission
TDOA or measurement at 2 or more receivers (or sent from
2 or more senders)
use to estimate the difference in distances between the 2.
41
Location Determination: Trilateration
Trilateration: uses absolute measurements of time-of-
arrival from three or more sites
Trilateration is a method of determining the relative
positions of objects using the geometry of triangles in a
similar fashion as triangulation.
42
Location determination: Trilateration
43
3 Equations to determine location of point O
w.r.t. known locations A,B, and C on a 2D plane
R
A
2
=

X
2
+Y
2
R
B
2
= (X-(AO+OB))
2
+Y
2
R
C
2
= (X-AO)
2
+(Y-OC)
2
Use substitution to get X and Y
X = (R
A
2
- R
B
2 +
(AO+OB)
2
) / 2 (AO+OB)
Y = (R
A
2
- R
C
2 +
AO
2
+OC
2
) / 2OC) AOX / OC
O
A
C
B
R
C
R
B
R
A
X
Y
Location Determination: RSS
Received Signal Strength (RSS)
Estimate the RF signal strength at a receiver
Knowing the transmission signal strength
Knowing the attenuation of the signal as a function of
distance and signal transmission strength,
e.g., 1/r
2

44
Location Determination: Range
IR / BlueTooth: ?

RFID systems: ?

WLAN: ?

GPS: ?

GSM: ?

45
Location Determination: Uncertainty
Distance & timing measurements has some uncertainty in
practice:
variable attenuation (due to moisture in air etc),
multi-path effects,
reflections,
spot interference,
knowing the time of transmission accurately etc
(see also Chapter 11)
How can we correct for this uncertainty?
We can measure signal w.r.t to multiple transmitters to correct for
this variability

46
Location Determination: Handling
Inaccuracy & Uncertainty
Handling the lack of accuracy, uncertainty in the location
Accuracy requirements for some applications can be
relaxed

Could use orientation or a priori knowledge of geo-
attributes to help determine the location,
.
Can use hybrid systems or assisted systems that combine
strengths and minimise weaknesses of several systems.

47
Location & Other Spatial Abstractions
Location coordinate in itself is often not so useful, it is too
low-level
It is the Spatial context for a location that is useful and
gives it the location meaning.
E.g.,
Forward-tracking: relation of the current coordination to an
end coordination / future goal
e.g.,
Backward tracking: relation of current location coordination
to start coordination, to past routes, to past goals
48
Location Awareness: Geographical
Information System (GIS)
Need spatial services to determine the spatial context

This is a GIS service
A GIS service needs to do more answer spatial queries, it
also needs to be:

49
Location Awareness: Geographical
Information System (GIS)
A GIS system supports services to support:
Spatial context representations
Spatial context capture
Spatial annotation: bind context to geometric object or view
Coordinate transformation
Spatial data storage
Spatial analysis including queries
Spatial data output & cartography
50
Geospatial Information System (GIS)
A service, such as a Geospatial Information System (GIS)
service, is needed to answer spatial queries
E.g., Is there a type of service X within 1 km of here?.
GIS services represent real world objects
such as roads, land use, elevation with digitised spatial data.

51
GIS: What the Data Represents
Geospatial data consists of multiple parts:
Geometrical object
e.g., point, line, polygon etc
Geo-attributes that form the spatial context
e.g.,
types of feature, and associated attributes, e.g
Annotations of geometrical object

52
GIS: Data Representation
GIS represents real world objects (roads, land use,
elevation) with digitised spatial data
Real world spatial objects can be
discrete objects (house)
continuous fields (rain fall, elevation)
Digitised GIS data consists of two parts
Geometrical objects
Spatial context / Geo-attributes
GIS: Geometric Data Capture
There are a variety of methods used to capture Geo-context
Digitizer
e.g.,
Scanner
e.g.,.
Direct entry of surveyed or sensed data
E.g.,,
Photo interpretation of aerial photographs.
E.g.,
Can configure relative location accuracy vs. absolute
accuracy & level of accuracy.

54
GIS: Spatial Context Capture
Geocoding: derive location from spatial context

Reverse geocoding : derive spatial context from location

55
GIS Data Capture: Processing
Geo Data after capture usually requires editing
Vector data must be made "topologically correct" before it
can be used for some advanced analysis.
Projections
Adjacency
To remove errors
E.g.,
56
GIS data coordinate Transformation
100+ different coordinate systems exist for positions

Likely that measured location co-ordinates & geospatial
object coordinates in GIS will be different
-> Need transformations
57
GIS Data Storage & Retrieval
';
Many DBs with spatial extensions use GIS data structures
that are based on the Open GIS Consortium (OGC)
Geographical Markup Language (GML) standards

Spatial databases are optimised?

58
GIS: Spatial Queries
Example query, How far, as the crow flies, from Queen
Mary to Mile End Tube?
SELECT (orig.buildingloc<->dest. buildinglloc)*37.5 AS "Distance (kms)"
FROM buildingl orig, buildingl dest
WHERE orig. buildinglname = Queens Building'
AND dest.buildingname = MileEnd Tube Station
A spatial query involves determining
which indexed region a spatial object of interest is in where a region
bounds a set of spatial objects
then locating a specific object within that selected region,
e.g., determining the distance from Queen Mary (Object D) to Mile-
End Tube station (Object A)

59
GIS: Spatial Queries
60
A
B
C
D
E
X
Y
Spatial Adaptation: GIS Data output
& Cartography
Some main uses of spatial-adaptation:
????
Cartography is the design and production of maps, or
visual representations of spatial data.
The vast majority of modern cartography is done with the
help of computers, usually using a GIS. Most GIS software
gives the user substantial control over the appearance of
the data
61
GIS Data Output & Cartography
Cartographic work serves two major functions:
It produces maps and other graphics,

To allow the map to be annotated with symbols and text for
the information of interest,

Web Map Servers facilitate the exchange of generated
maps information via Web Services,
e.g., ???

62
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

63
Context awareness: Indoor Call
Routing For Mobile Users
Active Badge Location System of Want et al. begun in 1989
Location awareness users to route calls through to their
nearest fixed line phone indoors

Readers detect signals from wearable active badges

64
Mobile User (ICT) Context awareness:
WAN Call Routing For Mobile Users
Basic mobile phone location determination .
Determine which mobile phone transmitter, its area of
operation (its cell), phone is nearest to.
Phone users registered in HLR
When users pass between areas, a cell notifies its VLR
When a call is made by user B to user A, the call first
queries the VLR
If A not there, call is made to As HLR

65
Location Determination in A Mobile
Phone Network
66
MSC
MSC
Core Packet
Switched
Network
Home
Location
Register
HLR
Mobile
Switching
Center
VLR
Visitor
Location
Register
Base station / Cell
User A
has moved
User B
Group of Cells
User A
User C
User B
calls User
A
Context awareness: Call Routing For
Mobile Users
System is aware of users location
Location awareness is a means not the end goal

Interoperability between mobile terminals / handsets and
network?

Multimedia content adaption: content to fit resources of
limited resource terminal and terminal access network
See later, also Chapter 11,
How to prevent huge choice and volumes overloading
mobile user with limited attention capability?

67
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

68
Content Adaptation for Mobile
Terminals
Content adaptation to two main types of ICT are considered
here:
Adaption to the terminal
Adaption to the network connecting the terminal
69
Content Adaptation for Mobile
Terminals
UI facilitates presenting and entering information for human
use
Universal content access entails content access via a
proliferation of interactive devices with diverse capabilities.

70
UI Context Representation
The UI context can be defined in a UI device profile.
There are several different specifications for representing
the UI profile.

71
Content Adaptation
Needed to adapt content for display
Much content designed for decimetre sized screens:
But what if displayed on small displays? e..g, mobile phone
But what if displayed on large screens? e.g., projectors,
Need Content adaptation this involves:
Transformation of the created content representation to a different
one used in the access device,
Adaptation of the (multimodal) interaction
Adaptation to use a particular device display convention
Adaptation of the content itself.
See also the range of UI techniques adapted for use in
small and large displays (Chapter 5)
72
Content Adaptation: Network-Aware
A service that is aware of the characteristics of the physical
network is called underlay-network aware (Chapter 11)

Enhancements are needed to TCP/IP network design to
support more flexible context-aware QoS delivery.

73
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

74
Temporal Awareness: Time
Time may be modelled as a period

Time may be modelled as an instant,

Time can be modelled as a linear sequence

75
Time Awareness: Scheduling
Given:
a set of tasks to perform (the user context),
a set of resources to use and
a set of time constraints (the temporal context),
The objective of task scheduling is to allocate times and
resources to user tasks.
76
Task scheduling is simplest when

Simple scheduling can involve deriving a personalised
schedule that it a subset of another schedule known a
priori,
e.g., .

77
Simple job scheduling algorithm is to partial order n tasks in a graph and to search it to
find a path
78
0
1T
2
2T
2
3T
2
4T
2
Task 1
Working
Task 2: Break
to eat & drink
Known periods but
flexible execution &
deadline
Known
execution
time
Known
deadline
Task 3
Traveling
4T
Task 4
Leisure
T
1 2T
1
3T
1
T
1 2T
1
3T
1
1T
4
1T
3
5T
6T
7T 3T 2T
1T 1T
1
5T
2
1T
2
1T
3
2T
3
2T
4
1T
4
1T
1
1T
2
1T
3
2T
2
2T
1
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

79
Composite Context Awareness for
Mobile Users
Mobility context awareness is a good example of composite
context adaptation.
Spatial awareness is used to adapt activities with respect to
their locality.
Information retrieval from remote sources can be
personalised to users preferences.
ICT context-awareness is useful for mobile users so that it
adapts remotely accessed content so that it fits better the
characteristics of mobile access devices and better fits the
bandwidth available in the local wireless access loop.

80
Composite Context Awareness for
Mobile Users: Applications
Navigation

Automatic annotation of local recordings in the field

Filtered content for mobile users w.r.t.

But what order to do the individual context adaptation in?
81
Context Composition Example: CRUMPET
Project System
82
Persona interests
l
Users
Terminals
Service Providers
Terminal
profile
Network
Link description
Service
capabilities
User
preferences
User
position
Interaction
& Service
Facilitation
Mediator
GPS
e.g., maps, routes, sight and
restaurant recommendations
CRUMPET Project System
CRUMPET, Creation of User-friendly Mobile
services PErsonalised for Tourism, EU FP5 Project
system is an example of a composite context
adaptation application.
In this system, tourism information services such
as maps, routes and sight recommendations can
be adapted to a spatial context that pertains to the
current location, the personal context of a service
uses, the network context and the terminal context,
83
The CRUMPE T System
84
My IP address
and port are...
Ok, here are your nearby
points of interests.
Components:
Map of the world
Diagnostics information
Client status (Agent and network status)
Points of interests
Map components:
Map of the
nearby world
Start/Edit tour
Status bar with
proactive bulb
Here is my
new location.
CRUMPET Multi-Agent System Architecture
85
End user
Services
User
agent
Mediator
Agents
Service
agents
Service
agents
Network
agents
Client /
Terminal
Agent
Context-aware
Middleware
Network
Network
agents
Fixed Network Services
Access
Node
Mobile
Device
wireless
Web Browser
GPS
Contet Adaptation
Service Agent Location agent
User modeling agent
Composite Context Awareness:
CRUMPET System
Particular ordering of context-aware adaptation follows.
Users access terminal profile of memory & display
capabilities is exchanged with system during session start
Localisation is for example used twice
Current position of a user can be used to constrain a user's
request and to further filter the relevant information.
Unless the relevant location is specified explicitly, user gets
information relevant for his or her current spatial context.
users movements within region can indicate their interests.
E.g., a user visits a number of old churches, then he or she is
probably interested in churches and perhaps also other historic
buildings in this town, like an old city hall.

86
CRUMPET System
Users generate a lot of potential events of interest as they move.
These can be exploited for user modelling & to detect & anticipate
relevant user interests.
Hence, the combined location and personal model context can be
used to such as get me a map of things of interest at a location.
This is an example of environment context composition in which one
type of context (location) may be used to determine another type of
context (personal preferences) based upon a user context policy.
Finally, the network profile based upon monitoring the performance
of the local mobile terminal to access node, the content, e.g., a
personalised, location-aware map is adapted to the terminal and
network profile respectively.
87
Note the context composition challenges (Revision from
Chapter 5 slide set a )
Handling heterogeneity of representation
Handling heterogeneity of meaning
Mediating and coordinating context aggregation
Ordering the adaptation to individual contexts
Different weightings for combining contexts
Handling uncertainty in combining contexts
88
CRUMPET System Screenshots
89
CRUMPET System Screenshots
90

Dillo
CRUMPET Services
Fixed Network
Service Provider
Service Provider
Service Provider
Wireless Station
CCA
MA
UMA
SCA
MAPA
CA
DCA CASA
CA
GSA
TA
SA
Satellite
MA
WMTP - full control over wireless link
Agent processing -
complete control over GSM
triangulation, GPS and browser
Wireless Station
CRUMPET System: Fat-client
Architecture
This deployment architecture has a larger client-side
Footprint and is suitable for deploying in
high end PDAs and PCs
91
CRUMPET System: Thin-Client
Architecture
This deployment architecture has a very small client-side footprint and is
suitable for deploying in low end PDAs and suitably equipped mobile 'phones
Fixed Network
HTTP
Service Provider
Service Provider
Service Provider
Wireless Station
CCA
MA
UMA
SCA
MAPA
CA
DCA CASA
GSA
TA
SA
Satellite
HTTP - no control over link
JAVA process -
very little control
over GPS and browser
ExplorerCE
CRUMPET Services
Wireless Station
92
Lecture Outline
Context Adaptation
Spatial-Awareness
Temporal awareness

93
Revision
For each chapter
See book web-site for chapter summaries, references,
resources etc.
Identify new terms & concepts
Apply new terms and concepts: define, use in old and
new situations & problems
Debate problems, challenges and solutions
See Chapter exercises on web-site
94
Exercises: Define New Concepts
Context-awareness
95
Exercise: Applying New Concepts

96

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