1.

Newtons Law of Gravitation

2.Weight
3.Gravitational Potential Energy
4.The motion of the Satellites
5.The motion of Planets

1. Electromagnetic Forces
2. Strong Force
3. Weak Force
4. Gravitational Force

earliest of the four to be studied
extensively
the same interaction that makes an
apple fall out of a tree and keeps the
planet in their orbits around the sun

Every particle or matter in the universe attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the
square of the distance between them.

In mathematical form:




Where

is the vector force on mass
m
1
exerted by mass m
2

r
21
is the distance between m
1

and m
2

is a unit vector that points
from mass m
2
toward
mass m
1
along the line
joining them

G = 6.67x10
-11
N . m
2
/ kg
2
is the
universal gravitational constant

m
1
m
2
r
21
r
21
By Newtons third law, the force F
21
acting on m
1
must have the
same magnitude as F
12
but acts in different direction so



If there are many masses, the total gravitational force on a given
mass, say m
1



Where F
1i
means the force on mass 1 exerted by mass i.

Ex.1. The mass m1 of one of the small spheres of a Cavendish
balance is 0.0100 kg, the mass m2 of one of the are spheres is 0.500
kg, and the center-to-center distance between them0.0500 m. Find
the Fg on each sphere due to the nearest other sphere.



Fg = (6.67x 10
-11
N . m
2
/kg
2
)(0.0100 kg)(0.500kg)
(0.0500m)
2



This is a very small force. We dont experience noticeable
gravitational pulls from ordinary low-mass objects in our
environment. It takes a truly massive object such as the earth to
exert substantial gravitational force.
The weight of the body is defined as the total gravitational force
exerted on the body by all other bodies in the universe.

If we model the earth as a spherical symmetric body with radius R
E

and mass m
E
, the weight w of a small body of mass m at the earths
surface is
(9-4)


But by Newtons 2
nd
law, w=mg (9-5)


The equation shows that acceleration due to gravity is independent of
the mass of the body
Note that P.E. U=mgy where we consider g as constant.

But, gravitational force exerted on a body of mass m at
any point outside the earths surface is given by Eq. (9-4).

If distance r changes, we need a more general expression
for GPE.
The radial force F
r
exerted by the earth on any mass m at a distance
r from the center of the earth towards the center of the earth has
the expression



Then, the work done by the gravitational force when the body
moves directly away from or towards the center of the earth from
r =r
1
to r=r
2
is

The previous equation shows that the work W
grav
depends only on
the initial and final values of r. Thus gravitational force is
conservative.

W
grav
= U
1
U
2
. Thus, the gravitational potential energy is
Satellites can be put into orbit by accelerating it to a sufficiently
high tangential speed with the use of rockets.

At certain speed, the satellite can be put into orbit.

When a satellite moves in circular orbit, the centripetal acceleration
is provided by the attraction of the earth. The speed v and the
period T of a satellite in a circular orbit with radius r are


Suppose you want to place a 1000-kg weather satellite into a circular
orbit 300 km above the earths surface. (a) What speed and period
must it have? The earths radius is 6380 km and its mass is 5.97 x
10
24
.
(a) The radius of he satellites orbit is
r = 6380 km + 300 km = 6680 km = 6.68 x 10
6
m

= = 7720 m/s


T = 2r/v = 2(6.68x10
6
m)/7720m/s
= 5440 s =90.6 min


The motion of the planets are described accurately by Keplers
laws of planetary motion. These laws where based on the data
collected by Tycho Brahe.

Keplers three laws are:
1. Each planet follows an elliptical path with the sun at one
focus.
2. A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal time interval.
3. The periods of the planets are proportional to the 3/2
powers of the semimajor axis of its elliptical path.

The distance from perihelion to
aphelion (2a) is called major axis
The half-distance, a, is called
semi-major axis.
The distance of each focus is ea
where e is the eccentricity with
values between 0 and 1. if e = 0
the ellipse is a circe.

NOTE:
The sum of the distances SPS
and SPS is the same for all points
on the curve where S and S are
the foci.
(a) The planet P moves about the sun S in an elliptical orbit.
(b) In time dt the line from the sun to the planet sweeps out a
triangular area dA = r(rd) = r
2
d.
(c) The planets velocity
varies so that the ratio of
area dA to time interval dt is
constant, regardless of the
planets position in its orbit.
A planet moves faster when it is closer to the sun than when it
is farther away.

Remark: Keplers 1
st
and 2
nd
law are valid only for 1/r
2
force.
The period of a satellite or a planet in an elliptical orbit is
proportional to the 3/2 power of the semi-major axis a:

T = Ca
3/2
where C is a constant having the same value for all planets

Newton also showed that Keplers third law is also true for elliptical
orbits, he replaced the orbit radius r by the semi-major axis a:



Where m
s
is the suns mass. m
e
is replaced by m
s
because the
planets orbit the sun not the other way around!