Peacekeeping and POC

(Protection of Civilians)

Case Studies Haiti & D.R. Congo
Dr. Walter Dorn
Canadian Forces College

18 June 2014
Evolution of Peacekeeping

Four Types/Generations
1 Observer
2 Interposition
3 Multidimensional
4 Transitional administration

Expanding functions
and responsibilities,
including use of armed force
Difficult Situations 1993-95
Somalia
Bosnia
Rwanda
Twenty-first Century Peacekeeping
1999 Report of SG on POC
mandates were insufficiently clear or inadequate
resources were assigned to the task

SC mandates:
protect civilians under imminent threat of
physical violence, within capabilities and
areas of deployment.

Currently: MINUSCA, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH,
MONUSCO, UNAMA, UNAMID, UNMIL, UNMISS,
UNOCI

Peacekeeping budget: from $1B to $8B
Current missions
with POC Mandates
MINUSTAH Case:
Robust and Intelligence-led
MINUSTAH:
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
2004-
Haiti
MINUSTAH Mission Mandate
POLITICAL
PROCESS
HUMAN
RIGHTS
Security Council Resolution 1542 (2004)
Under Chapter VII
SECURE &
STABLE ENVIRONMENT
Cit Soleil: Gang Rule
Taxation,
Soldiers,
Terror
No HNP entry
Jordanian AOR
6 killed
Route Nationale
No. 1
Extortion
Dangerous Patrolling 2005
Photo # 105833 UN Photo/S. Paris
MINUSTAH Troops Prepare to Patrol Slum of Cit Soleil
A United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) battalion of Jordanian
soldiers prepares to patrol the slum of Cit Soleil, Haiti.
Date: 29 November 2005 Photo # 105837 UN Photo/S. Paris
2005
Photo # 85539 UN Photo/Sophia Paris
UN Peacekeeping Chief Goes on Patrol in Haiti
Jean-Marie Guhenno, Under-Secretary-General for
Peacekeeping Operations, and Juan Gabriel Valds,
Special Representative of the Secretary-General and
Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH), accompany a Brazillian patrol in Bel-Air, a
hillside slum ravaged by armed bandits.
Date: 25 June 2005
Photo # 85543 UN Photo/Sophia Paris
UN Peacekeeping Chief Accompanies Peacekeepers on Patrol in Haiti
A typical street scene in the slum where Jean-Marie Guhenno, Under-
Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, and Juan Gabriel
Valds, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of
the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) (both on
the first vehicle), accompany a Brazillian patrol in Bel-Air, a hillside slum
ravaged by armed bandits.
Date: 25 June 2005
Civilian casualties
See description of operation at:
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/un_cracks_down_on_gangs_reside.html
The Washington Post
later reported that a
confidential UN
investigation
concluded that
'dozens' of civilians
were injured.
Holt & Berkman, p.98
Public Anger, Jan 2006
UN vehicle blocked
by crowds in Haiti

At UN Headquarters
Crowd refuses to move,
throwing water on them
Leader of the civil society
group, Group of 184,
Andre Apeid intervened
and cleared the way


16 January 2006
Photo # 109530 UN Photo/S. Paris

2006
New Head of MINUSTAH Tours Cit Soleil
Newly appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General in
Haiti and Head of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH) Edmond Mulet (centre) visits Cit Soleil neighbourhood
of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. UN peacekeepers are working on paving
Route 9 which runs through the center of Cit Soleil.
Date: 19 June 2006
Photo # 117280 UN Photo/Sophia Paris
United Nations VIP Close Protection Team in Training
A United Nations Police (UNPOL) VIP Close Protection
Team of security officers trains on a soccer field at the
Haitian National Police Academy in Port-Au-Prince, Haiti.
The team consists of UNPOL from France, Chile,
Philippines, Senegal, Canada, United States and Brazil, with
the primary duty of protecting the Prime Minister, the
President, the Haitian National Police Commissioner, and all
dignitaries who visit Haiti.
Date: 25 April 2006
Elections
Photo # 85536 UN Photo/Sophia Paris
UN Mission Prepares for Haitian Polls
Some 10 generators, 20 solar panels, fans, and inverters
are loaded onto a UN MI-8 helicopter to be transported from
Port-Au-Prince to Port de Paix, as part of the preparations
to install electoral registration bureaus in remote areas in
the Northwest department of Haiti by the United Nations
Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).
MINUSTAH Provides Security at Voting Center in Cit Soleil
Peacekeepers from the United Nations Stabilization Mission in
Haiti (MINUSTAH) provide security at a voting center in Cit
Soleil, Port-au-Prince, during the second round of the senatorial
elections in Haiti.
Date: 21 June 2009
Elections 2006
Photo # 116992 UN Photo/S. Paris
Haitians Vote in Parliamentary Elections
Voters trickle in at the voting centre in downtown
Port-au-Prince to cast their ballots in
parliamentary elections, today in Port-Au-Prince,
Haiti. Date: 21 April 2006
Photo # 141460 UN Photo/L. Abassi
UN Peacekeeping Operations in Haiti
Brazilian UN peacekeepers patrol the Cit Soleil neighbourhood of Port-au-
Prince during an operation to restore order in the area by the United Nations
Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), after three hours of heavy fighting
between gangs. Date: 09 February 2007
Security Council Visits;
Recommends Intell Capacity
UN Photo # 71622 UN Photo/S. Paris
Fact-Finding Mission to Haiti, 15 April 2005
Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg (left), Permanent Representative of Brazil to the
United Nations and Head of the Security Council fact-finding mission to Haiti,
meets with peacekeepers of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH). Second from left is Juan Gabriel Valds, Special
Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of MINUSTAH.
9. Calls upon MINUSTAH to make the
Joint Mission Analysis Cell operational
as soon as possible in order to pool and
better use the information available to the
MINUSTAH military, police and civilian
components
UN Security Council Resolution 1608
(22 June 2005)
Cit Soleil
UN RESTRICTED
BELECOU
BOIS NEUF
WAFF
DROUILLARD
BOSTON
SOLEIL 4
BROOKLIN
CITE SOLEIL
Ti Haiti
Lintheau I
Blanchard
(Cite
Gerard)
Cite Lumiere
Trois
Bebes
Lintheau II
Norway
Proj
Kay Boule
(Naboule)
Coast
Patrols
Coast
Patrols
MINUSTAH Patrolled Areas
Intel: Evens Gang Capabilities
Strength
about 40-50 men

Weapons
Machine gun and many semi-automatic assault
rifles
Stockpiled ammunition a month before the UN
offensive on his compound
Molotov cocktails and hand grenades
Shooters, based at the National School,
possessed an infrared scope for night targeting
HUMINT: Paid informants
Rich environment
Wide-ranging disaffection with gangs
Persons close to the gang leaders
(including lovers)
Low income in Haiti (more than half on
less than $1 per day)
Toll-free 24/7 hotline in 2005 (tips)

Hazard of false rumours
EVENS JEUNE CLAUDE EVENS EVEL ANDOU
Gang Tactics
robust networks of lookouts using cell
phones, rooftop snipers, and gunmen
who use women and children as human
shields

Funding Sources
US$ 25,000 to kill the would-be
kidnappers of a prominent Haitian
UN Strategic Assessment
Based on gang psychology:

If outnumbered and outgunned, they
[gang members] will attempt to delay
and escape
UN RESTRICTED
BELECOU
BOIS NEUF
WAFF
DROUILLARD
BOSTON
SOLEIL 4
BROOKLIN
CITE SOLEIL
Ti Haiti
Lintheau I
Blanchard
(Cite
Gerard)
Cite Lumiere
Trois
Bebes
Lintheau II
Norway
Proj
Kay Boule
(Naboule)
Coast
Patrols
Coast
Patrols
MINUSTAH Patrolled Areas
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2006/10/tete_fret_1.html#more
STRONG POINTS
Operation Blue House
Seized January 2007 using diversion
Evens expelled people nearby to set fire to houses so
resulting fire and smoke might force the Brazilian soldiers
to leave their post. Not carried out.
Operational
planning
VIAS DE ACESSO - 02 FEV 07
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
VIAS DE ACESSO - 02 FEV 07
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
2,8m deep
2 m deep
2,8m deep
S
4,5 m
THE
SHEL
TER
IS IN
THE
SOUT
H
PART
OF
THE
TUNN
EL
Evoluo da Base Jamaica 10 Nov 05 Evoluo da Base Jamaica 10 Nov 05
12
7
5
6
10
11
2
1
8
9
4
3
12
7
5
6
10
11
2
1
8
9
4
3
L house (other EVENS woman)
O house (other EVENS woman)
E house (preferred EVENS woman)
Cache weapons and ammunitions
under a construction of na
abondoned house.
Cache of buried weapons and
ammunitions, besides the KAZOU
kiosk.
TUNNEL WHERE THERE IS A BURIED
SHELTER
4,5 m THE SHELTER IS IN THE SOUTH
PART OF THE TUNNEL
(Firing positions)
security
Obj. Intermedios
Main
objective

Operational
execution
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/

Des Casques bleus brsiliens aux aguets aprs des combats intensifs avec des
gangs dans le quartier de Cit Soleil dans la capitale de Hati, Port-au-Prince
Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Hati (MINUSTAH)
Port-au-Prince, Hati, 9 fvrier 2007, Photo ONU/Logan Abassi, 141459

http://www.un.org/french/events/peacekeeping60/exibit/chap14.shtml

http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/
Personnel line-up
Crowd Control
Hundreds of U.N. peacekeepers raided Haitis largest slum Friday to arrest gang
members. Ariana Cubillos/Associated Press

http://wordpark.com/pettifog/2007/02/10
UNPOL / FPU
280600Feb07 FPU Deployment Soleil 9
2007-02-28_Beloney_AFTER ACTION REPORT 72 HRS - Op LpT NIVO.doc
http://www.blogtheberkshires.com/haiti/2007/02/
Photo # 141460 UN Photo/Logan Abassi
UN Peacekeeping Operations in Haiti. Brazilian UN peacekeepers patrol the Cit Soleil neighbourhood of Port-au-Prince during an operation to restore order in the area by
the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), after three hours of heavy fighting between gangs. Date: 09 February 2007
Evens
Escaped
Declared he was going to shoot
himself
Arrested on 13 March 2007 by HNP;
transported by MINUSTAH helicopter
to a jail in Port-au-Prince
Escaped 2010 and rearrested 2012
Outcome
Special Representative of the Secretary-General
(SRSG) Edmond Mulet of Guatemala
Walk freely in Cit Soleil
Jubilant crowds
Most satisfying moment of my service

Haitian man seriously injured during combat,
receiving first aid, told UN officer:

I'm injured and maybe I will lose my leg
but thank you. I have regained my freedom
and my dignity.
Repair and Reconstruction
Photo # 141458 UN Photo/Logan Abassi
2009
Photo # 404475 UN Photo/Marco Dormino
UN Special Envoy for Haiti Meet MINUSTAH Staff
William Jefferson Clinton (third from right), United
Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, and former President of
the United States of America, accompanied by Ren
Prval (second from left), President of Haiti, speaks
with the staff of the United Nations Stabilization Mission
in Haiti (MINUSTAH) during his official two-day visit to
the country.
Date: 09 July 2009
Photo # 404476 UN Photo/Marco Dormino
UN Special Envoy for Haiti Visits Hospital
William Jefferson Clinton (left), United Nations
Special Envoy for Haiti, and former President
of the United States of America, accompanied
by Ren Prval (third from left), President of
Haiti, greets a child at an emergency hospital
during a two-day official visit to the country.
Date: 09 July 2009
Police Training
Photo # 85555 UN Photo/Sophia Paris
UN Mission Helps Train Haiti's Security Officers
Picture shows an officer of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) civilian police giving instructions in firearms
handling to a recruit - one of the 788 potential police men and women at the Police Academy in Frere being trained by 25
MINUSTAH civilian police.
Date: 02 August 2005
ROE Soldiers Card
Just cause
Self-defence and defence of UN/international personnel against a hostile act or a hostile intent
(defined as imminent use of force);
Protection of civilians [POC] under imminent threat of physical violence, when competent
local authorities are not in a position to render immediate assistance.
Last resort
Every reasonable effort shall be made to control a situation through measures short of using
force, including personal contact and negotiation.
Strategic level: negotiations and incentives to gangs in 2006
Measures short of force: voice and visual signals, radio or other electronic means of
communication, manoeuvres, charging of weapons, and warning shots. Before opening fire,
soldiers are instructed to give a final warning: NATIONS UNIES ARRETEZ OU JE TIRE
Proportionality
1. The principle of minimum force and proportionality shall apply at all times and in all
circumstances. The minimum use of force is one of the basic principles of peacekeeping.[i]
The proportionality principle is further described: force must be commensurate with the level
of the threat. The ROE specify: If possible, a single shot should be aimed at non-vital parts
of the body in order not to kill. This is not common in many military ROE but is reflective of
the other-than-war conditions in peacekeeping.
Legitimate authority
The decision to open fire shall be made only on the order and under the control of the on-
scene Commander, unless there is insufficient time to obtain such an order.
chain of command(s)
Necessity
if an attack is so unexpected, that a moment's delay could lead to death or grievous injury to
oneself or other designated personnel.
Proper Conduct:
Fire must be aimed and controlled.
Avoid collateral damage
Not covered: net benefit and probability of success

JWT criteria scalable; [underlining added]
From Dilemmas to Lessons
Embrace intelligence
Paid informants
Use of force
Hard power versus soft power
Overwhelming force
Collateral damage
Political legitimacy


D.R. Congo Case:
Robust Peacekeeping in
the Jungle
MONUC/MONUSCO

Congrs national pour la
dfense du peuple (CNDP)
Laurent Nkunda,
chairman
Former general in
FARDC (Forces Armes
DRC)
81st and 83rd Brigades
Bukavu 2004
Goma 2006, 2008
www.digitalcongo.net/article/74382, www.militaryphotos.net
Banyamulenge =
ethnic Tutsi Rwandans in
Kivus
Enemy of
FDLR
(ex-FAR)
Rwandan
81
Air-Ground coordination
Mi-35 attack helicopter
UN Photo 200146
83
84
UN Photo
Mi-35 Attack Helicopter
Front View;
MI-35 in MONUC, No.104 Helicopter Unit of
the Indian Air Force, 21 January 2006;
URL: http://www.bharat-
rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Special/Features/Congo/Photo_2006123102447578.j
pg.html
Side view
UN Helicopter on Aerial Patrol
An MI-24 [export version: MI-35] helicopter of the
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) on aerial
patrol in search of the illegal marijuana plantations. 17
September 2008, Monrovia, Liberia
U
N

P
h
o
t
o
,

C
.

H
e
r
w
i
g


View of a CNDP rebel running with weapons at the time of the CNDPs attempt
to attack Goma. Image is a screen capture from the MI-35s television camera.
Video taken at Masisi on 19 September 2008. The effects of rocket fire also
shown. (The camera resolution is better than shown in this image.)
[Image available upon request]
Forward-looking Infrared (FLIR) camera
freeze frame suspected rebels approaching vehicle

87
MONUC Case Conclusions
Air power helped save Goma
2006 and 2008

Peace Enforcement requires robust
peacekeeping
Deterrence

Application of the Peacekeeping Trinity?
(a matter of degree)
Consent
Impartiality
Min use of force (defensive offensive)
88
Force Intervention Brigade
SC resolution 2098 (2013)

12 (b) Neutralizing armed groups .
taking full account of the need to protect civilians and mitigate risk before,
during and after any military operation, carry out targeted offensive operations
in a robust, highly mobile and versatile manner and in strict compliance with
international law

3,000 peacekeepers
Tanzania, South Africa and Malawi

Robust means
South African Attack Helicopters

Tanzanian contingent of UN FIB in Kiwanja (MONUSCO/Sy Koumbo Singa Gali)
Lessons Wider Peacekeeping
92
UK Chief of the General Staff,
1994
Towards smarter peacekeeping (intelligence-led, technologically enabled)
93


93
94
A continuing endeavour
95