Earthquake Response

Earthquake
Response
Chapter 6
June 23, 2014
CC Chang / HKUST
Some Questions
Earthquake: what do you know?
How big can it get?
What can we do about it?
Earthquake as We Speak
Largest earthquakes
(Since 1900)
Location
Date UTC
Magnitude
1.
Chile
1960 05 22
9.5
2.
Prince William Sound, Alaska
1964 03 28
9.2
2004 12 26
9.1
3.
Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra
4.
Sendai
2011 03 11
9.0
5.
Kamchatka
1952 11 04
9.0
6.
Offshore Maule, Chile
2010 02 27
8.8
7.
Off the Coast of Ecuador
1906 01 31
8.8
8.
Rat Islands, Alaska
1965 02 04
8.7
9.
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
2005 03 28
8.6
10.
Assam - Tibet
1950 08 15
8.6
11.
Andreanof Islands, Alaska
1957 03 09
8.6
Largest earthquakes
(2013)
Most destructive known earthquakes

on record in the world
Date
Location
Deaths
Magnitude
January 23, 1556
China, Shansi
830,000
~ 8
January 12, 2010
Haiti
316,000
7.0
July 27, 1976
China, Tangshan
242,769
8.0
August 9, 1138
Syria, Aleppo
230,000
December 26, 2004
Indonesia,
Sumatra
227,898
9.1
December 22, 856+ Iran, Damghan
200,000
December 16, 1920
China, Ningxia
200,000
7.8
March 23, 893+
Iran, Ardabil
150,000
September 1, 1923
Japan, Kwanto
142,800
7.9
May 12, 2008
China, Sichuan
87,587
7.9
Comments
Estimated death toll as high

as 655,000
Deaths from earthquake and

tsunami
Major fractures, landslides.
Great Tokyo fire
Earthquake
http://environment.nationalgeograph
ic.com/environment/naturaldisasters/earthquake-profile.html
Seismic Damage of Infrastructure

Direct Effects
Ground failures; Surface rupture; Soil
vibration; Ground liquefaction; Others
Structural vibration and damage
Indirect Effects
Tsunamis
Seiches
Landslides
Floods
Fires
Ground failures/Surface rupture
Normal fault. Scarp near Beni Rached

1980 El Asnam Earthquake
Soil vibration; Ground liquefaction
Tilting of apartment buildings at Kawagishi-Cho, Niigata, produced by

liquefaction of the soil during the 1964 Niigata Earthquake [3]

Chi-Chi Earthquake 1999
Displacement and tilting of houses due to soil liquefaction in the

Turnagain Height area of Anchorage during the 1964 Alaska
Earthquake
Others
New mountain created during Chi-Chi Earthquake 1999
Others
Structural Vibration and Damage

Failure of the unreinforced
masonry walls of a five-story
reinforced concrete building
during the 1972 Managua
Earthquake
Imperial Valley County, California.

Collapse of a steel tank during the
1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake.

Failure of a building at central
Kobe after 1995 Kobe
earthquake [4]

Failure of a building at central
Kobe after 1995 Kobe
earthquake
Tsunamis
http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/topics/kiihantouoki2004/index-e.html
Tsunamis
Fires
1995 Kobe earthquake
Fires
Estimated economic losses of

some recent earthquakes
Location
Date UTC
Magnitude
Estimated economic
loss (in billion US
dollars)
Loma Prieta, California
1989
7.1
Northridge, California
1994
6.7
13-20 [1]
Kobe, Japan
1995
6.9
95-147 (repair only [2])
Chi-Chi, Taiwan
1999
7.6
7.8
Hong Kong (2012)

revenues:$360billionHKDor$46billionUSD
Stonecutters Bridge costs around 0.5 billion USD
Philosophy of Seismic Resistant

Design for Structures
Minor earthquake:
prevent non-structural damage
Moderate earthquake:
prevent structural damage and minimize
non-structural damage
Major earthquake:
avoid collapse to save lives
How to design structures

under earthquake?
1995 Kobe EQ EW
Northridge EQ
800
600
400
200
-200
-1
-400
-2
-600
10
11
12
-3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Newhall EQ
1940 El Centro EQ
600
400
1
200
0
0
-1
-200
-2
-400
-3
EQ
-4
-600
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
20
Issues:
Different EQs different characteristics
Structural modeling and performance
30
40
50
60
How to design structures

under earthquake?
1995 Kobe EQ EW
Maximum
Response 1
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-600
10
11
Maximum
Response 2
12
Northridge EQ
4
Maximum
Response 3
-1
-2
-3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1940 El Centro EQ
3
Maximum
Response 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
10
12
14
16
18
20
Newhall EQ
600
400
200
Design
-200
-400
-600
10
20
30
40
50
60
Absolute Maximum
response
Generalized Coordinates
x
mx g
k
c
Ground fixed
Earthquake Response Spectra

x
mx g
k
c
Ground fixed
EOM
mx ( t ) + cx ( t ) + kx ( t ) = mx g ( t )
x ( t ) + 2 x ( t ) + 2 x ( t ) = x g ( t )
x( t ) is a function of , T, and x g
2
Tn =
Response Spectra
2
5
0
-5
0
0.5
10
15
20
ground acc. m/s
ground acc. m/s
Under a specific earthquake

5
0
-5
0
0.5
10
15
20
0.317
0.174
0
Tn =1 sec, = 0.02
10
15
20
0.223
0
-0.5
0
0.5
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.02
10
15
-0.5
0
0.5
disp. m
disp. m
-0.5
0
0.5
20
0.387
Tn = 2 sec, = 0
10
15
20
0.223
0
-0.5
0
0.5
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.02
10
15
20
0.186
0
-0.5
0
0
Tn = 3 sec, = 0.02
10
15
20
-0.5
0
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.04
10
x ( t ) + 2 x ( t ) + 2 x ( t ) = x g ( t )
15
20
Response Spectra
Maximum responses
x 0 ( Tn , ) = max x ( t , Tn , ) = D
t
x 0 ( Tn , ) = max x ( t , Tn , )
t
x 0t ( Tn , ) = max x 0t ( t , Tn , )
t
Response Spectra
Disp, m
0.4
x 0 ( Tn , ) = max x ( t, Tn , ) = D
t
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Velo, m/sec
1.5
x 0 ( Tn , ) = max x ( t , Tn , )
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Acc, g
1.5
x 0t ( Tn , ) = max x 0t ( t , Tn , )
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
Tn, sec
2.5
Displacement, velocity and acceleration response spectra for a SDOF system

under the NS component of the 1940 El Centro earthquake ground excitation (
= 0.02)
Pseudo-Response Spectra
D, m
0.4
0.5
1.5
V, m/sec
x 0 ( Tn , ) = max x ( t, Tn , ) = D
0.174
0.2
1.5
2.5
2
1.093 = 0.174
1
2
V = D =
D
Tn
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
A, g
0.5
1.5
Tn, sec
2
A = D = D
Tn
2
0.7 = 0.174 / 9.81
1
Pseudo-acceleration
0.5
Pseudo-velocity
2.5
Displacement, pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration response spectra for a

SDOF system under the NS component of the 1940 El Centro earthquake
ground excitation ( = 0.02 )
Actual and Pseudo

Response Spectra
1.5
V, m/sec
real velocity
0.5
pseudo-velocity
0.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
1
A, g
pseudo-acceleration and real acceleration
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
DVA Response Spectrum

1
10
D, m
0.4
0.174
0.2
1.093 m/sec
10
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.
17
4
2.5 A,
g
2.5
D,
m
-1
10
1.5
A, g
0.5
2
-2
2
0.7 = 0.174 / 9.8110
1
0.5
0
2.5
2
1.093 = 0.174
1
V, m/sec
V, m/sec
1.5
1.5
0.
0.5
1.5
Tn, sec
-2
10
-1
10
10
Tn, sec
10
5
0
-5
0
0.5
10
15
20
ground acc. m/s
ground acc. m/s
Equivalent Static Force,

Shear and Moment
x
fs = k x
mx g
-5
0
0.5
10
15
20
0.317
0.174
k0
0
Tn =1 sec, = 0.02
10
15
0.223
0
-0.5
0
0.5
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.02
10
15
-0.5
0
0.5
20
disp. m
disp. m
-0.5
0
0.5
20
0.387
Tn = 2 sec, = 0
10
15
20
0.223
0
-0.5
0
0.5
fs = k x
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.02
Ground fixed
10
15
20
M b = h fs
0.186
0
-0.5
0
0
Tn = 3 sec, = 0.02
10
15
20
Equivalent Static Force

Shear Force
Moment
-0.5
0
Tn = 2 sec, = 0.04
10
15
20
f s ( t ) = k x ( t ) = m2 x ( t ) = m A( t )
Vb ( t ) = f s ( t ) = m A( t )
M b ( t ) = h f s ( t ) = h m A( t )
Example E4.1
A SDOF Frame under 1940 El Centro EQ

m=190 tons
Estimate the maximum base

shear forces and the maximum
bending moment for the building
frame under the 1940 El Centro
earthquake excitation.
EI=20 MN-m2
h=4 m
Fig. E4.1 A SDOF steel building frame

The damping ratio of the frame can
be assumed to be 2%.
Example E4.1

Stiffness
k = 2
12 EI
=
3
h
24 20 106
43
= 7.5 106
N/m 2
The natural period of the building frame Tn is

1
1.093 m/sec
10
-1
10
0.
17
4
D,
m
7.5 106
190000
= 1 sec
0.
7
2
=
k
m
V, m/sec
Tn =
10
A,
g
-2
10
-2
10
-1
10
10
Tn, sec
10
Example E4.1

1
10
m=190 tons
fs = k x
1.093 m/sec
-1
10
0.
17
4
D,
m
h=4 m
EI=20 MN-m2
0.
7
V, m/sec
10
A,
g
c
-2
fs = k x
10
M b = h fs

-2
10
-1
10
Base shear for each column
Smax =
10
Tn, sec
mA 190000 0.7 9.81

=
= 6.52 105 N = 652 kN
2
2
Total overturning moment
M max = mAh = 1304 4 = 5,216 kN m = 5.2 MN m
10
DVA Response Spectrum: Discussion

1
10
Stiff structure
Soft structure
=0
10
0 .2
1
V,m/sec
= 0.1
-1
D,
m
10
A,
g
g
36
.
0
-2
10
1940 El Centro EQ
3
-2
-1
10
-1
10
-2
-3
-4
10
12
14
16
18
20
10
Tn,sec
10
Elastic Design Spectrum

1
10
1.093 m/sec
-1
0.
17
4
10
D,
m
0.
7
V, m/sec
10
A,
g
-2
10
-2
10
-1
10
10
Tn, sec
10
The DVA spectrum depends on the Earthquake used
Use different EQs + statistical analysis

10
V x g o
c
10
A x g
D x g o
e
10
x g
-1
A,
g
x go
Peak ground acceleration,

velocity and displacement
m,
D
V , m /s e c
f
x g o
a
10
-2
1/8 sec
10 sec
1/33 sec
10
-2
33 sec
10
-1
10
Tn, s e c
10
Constructing Elastic Design Spectrum

10
V x g o
c
10
A x g
D x g o
e
10
x g
-1
A,
g
x g o
x go
Peak ground acceleration,

velocity and displacement
m,
D
V , m /s e c
a
10
-2
1/8 sec
10 sec
1/33 sec
10
-2
33 sec
10
-1
10
Tn, s e c
10
Constructing Elastic Design Spectrum
48 1.86 = 89.3
36 1.52 = 54.7
1 g 2.46 = 2.46 g
x go = 48 in / s
x g = 1 g
o
x g o = 36 in
10
0.01
0.001
0.02
0.1
1
Tn,sec
10
50
33 s
10 s
0.1
1/8 s
1/33 s
Example
A SDOF Frame under Design Spectrum

m=190 tons
Estimate the maximum base

shear forces and the maximum
bending moment for the building
frame under the elastic design
spectrum obtained previously.
EI=20 MN-m2
h=4 m
10

0.1
The damping ratio of the frame is

assumed to be 3%.
0.01
0.001
0.02
0.1
1
Tn,sec
10
50
Example
A SDOF Frame under Design Spectrum

The natural period of the building frame Tn is
10
2
2
Tn =
=
= 1 sec
6
k
1.4g
7.5 10
1
m
190000
0.1
0.01
Base shear for each column
Smax
0.001
0.02
mA 190000 1.4 9.81

=
=
= 1.3 MN
2
2
Total overturning moment
M max = mAh = 2.6 4 = 10.4 MN m
0.1
1
Tn,sec
10
50
Eurocode 8
3
2.5
1/ 3
Ce
u g
Tc
Tc
2.5
T
T
n
1
2
T
1+
1.5 n
Tb
1/ 3
T
T
T
c d
c
2.5
T1
Tn
Tb
Tc
Td
Fig. 5.5 Elastic seismic coefficient for Eurocode 8

Earthquake Response

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Earthquake

June 23, 2014

Prince William Sound, Alaska

Off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra

Offshore Maule, Chile

Off the Coast of Ecuador

Rat Islands, Alaska

Northern Sumatra, Indonesia

Andreanof Islands, Alaska

Most destructive known earthquakes

January 23, 1556

January 12, 2010

July 27, 1976

December 26, 2004

December 22, 856+ Iran, Damghan

December 16, 1920

March 23, 893+

May 12, 2008

Estimated death toll as high

Deaths from earthquake and

Major fractures, landslides.

Great Tokyo fire

Seismic Damage of Infrastructure

Ground failures/Surface rupture

Normal fault. Scarp near Beni Rached

Soil vibration; Ground liquefaction

Tilting of apartment buildings at Kawagishi-Cho, Niigata, produced by

Soil vibration; Ground liquefaction

Soil vibration; Ground liquefaction

Soil vibration; Ground liquefaction

Displacement and tilting of houses due to soil liquefaction in the

New mountain created during Chi-Chi Earthquake 1999

Chi-Chi Earthquake 1999

Structural Vibration and Damage

Structural Vibration and Damage

Imperial Valley County, California.

Structural Vibration and Damage

Structural Vibration and Damage

Structural Vibration and Damage

Structural Vibration and Damage

1995 Kobe earthquake

Chi-Chi Earthquake 1999

Estimated economic losses of

Loma Prieta, California

95-147 (repair only [2])

Hong Kong (2012)

Stonecutters Bridge costs around 0.5 billion USD

Philosophy of Seismic Resistant

How to design structures

How to design structures

Earthquake Response Spectra

ground acc. m/s

ground acc. m/s

Under a specific earthquake

Displacement, velocity and acceleration response spectra for a SDOF system

Displacement, pseudo-velocity and pseudo-acceleration response spectra for a

Actual and Pseudo

pseudo-acceleration and real acceleration

DVA Response Spectrum

ground acc. m/s

ground acc. m/s

Equivalent Static Force,

Equivalent Static Force

A SDOF Frame under 1940 El Centro EQ