BS601P

Existentialism
Howell Kit, April, Bella, Kath,
Julie,Cedrick, Ralph, Michelle,Rennan,
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,
What is Not
EXISTENSIAL
Explanation
1. The good life is one of wealth,
pleasure and honor.
There is no existence of God.
Believing on the works of
science.
Self matter
Hopeless
Consistent
People value

2. Social approval is needed by the
individual.

3. Accept what is and that is enough
in life.

4. Science can and will make
everything better.

5. People are good by nature,
ruined by society or external forces.


,
What is
EXISTENSIAL
Explanation
1. Mankind has free will. Relationship with God

2. Life is a series of choices, creating
stress.
Some of things are hard to explain
(meaningless)


3. Few decisions are without any
negative consequences.
God matters

4. Some things are irrational or
absurd, without
Unable to think logically.

5. If one makes a decision, one must
follow through.

Christianity (beliefs)

Existence precedes Essence
Video
existentialism
The doctrine that existence precedes
essence and holding that man is totally
free and responsible for his acts. This
responsibility is the source of dread
and anguish that encompass mankind.
A philosophy that emphasizes the
uniqueness and isolation of the individual
experience in a hostile/ different universe,
regards human eistence as unexplainable,
and stresses feedomof choice and
responsibility for the consequences of
ones acts.
Definition
Philosophical movement oriented toward
the analysis of human existence and the
centrality of human choice. Existensialisms
chief energies are thus devoted to questions
about Ontology and decision. It traces its
roots to the writings of Soren Kierkagaard
and Friedrich Nietzsche. As a philosophy of
human existence, existensialism found its
best 20
th
-cent, exponent in Karl Jaspers; as a
philosophy of human decision, its foremost
representative was Jean-Paul Sartre.
Sartre finds the essence
of human existence in
freedom-in the duty of
self-determination and
the freedom of choice-
and therefore confronts
humanitys perverse
attempts to deny it own
responsibility and flee
from the truth of its
inescapable freedom.
Existentialist doctrines
have focused on several
aspects of existence.
First, on the problematic character of the human situation, through
which man is continually confronted with diverse possibilities or
alternatives, among which he may choose and on the basis of
which he can project his life.
Second, the doctrines have focussed on the phenomena of this
situation and especially on those that are negative or baffling, such
as the concern or preoccupation that dominates man because of the
dependence of all his possibilities upon his relationships with things
and with other men
Third, the doctrines have focused on the intersubjectivity that is
inherent in existence and is understood either as a personal
relationship between two individuals,
Fourth, Existentialism focuses on ontology, on some doctrine of the
general meaning of Being, which can be approached in any of a
number of ways:
Through the analysis of the temporal structure of existence;

Through the etymologies of the most common wordson the
supposition that in ordinary language Being itself is disclosed, at
least partly (and thus is also hidden);
Through the rational clarification of existence by which it is possible
to catch a glimpse, through ciphers or symbols, of the Being of the
world, of the soul, and of God;
Through existential psychoanalysis that makes conscious the
fundamental project in which existence consists; or, finally,
Through the analysis of the fundamental modality to which all the
aspects of existence conformi.e., through the analysis of possibility.

Fifth place, the therapeutic value of existential analysis
that permits, on the one hand, the liberating of human
existence from the beguilements or debasements to which
it is subject in daily life and, on the other, the directing of
human existence toward its authenticity; i.e., toward a
relationship that is well-grounded on itself, and with other
men, with the world, and with God.
Divine Perspective Vs.
Human Perspective
Divine Human
Many organized religions
see the divine perspective
as being communicated to
us through the words of
prophets
Human, all too human
Often comes with belief
immortality
Existentialist see a benefit to
facing up to our
immortality
Essence precedes Existence Existence precedes Essence

Religious

Agnostic

Atheist

Predetermination

Chance

Free Will

Elitist/Capitalist

Communist/Socialist

Anarchist

Moralist

Relativist

Amoralist

Intention

Action

Result
Some Existential Ideals
Religious:
Believing in God or Group and following the
rules of religion

Relating to Religion




Agnostic:

Atheist:

You can be good without
god

You cannot be good
without god

An agnostic believe it is
impossible to know if god
exist.

An Atheist believes that
god do not exist.

Predetermined,
Chance, and Free Will

Predestination is doctrine
which teaches that god
predetermined who would go to
heaven and who would spend
eternity in bell.

It teaches that each person has
absolutely no choices in
accepting or rejecting the
salvation of through god. Every
move you make and everything
that happens to you, good or bad
was predetermined by God. If
you reject Christ it is because
you never had a chance or option
to believe

Elitist / Capitalist:
A person who has a lot
of money, property etc.
and who uses those
thing to produce more
money.
believes that capitalism
is best kind of economic
system.

Different of Communist and Socialist
Communist is a political System
Socialist is primarily an economic System.
Anarchism:
-is the political belief that society should have no
government, law, police, or other authority but should be
a free association of all its member.
Moralist:
A person who has strong feeling
and options about what is right
and who tries to control the moral
behavior of other people.




Relativist:
Hold theory of knowledge, truth,
morality and etc.
Also holding the criteria of judgment
may vary with individuals and their
environment.
Amoralist:
is an absence, of indifference
toward, or disregard for morality
it is also an intrinsic property of an
object while morality is determined
relatively to moral.
Intension, Action and Result:
Is an agent specific purpose in performing an
action or series of action, the end or goal that is
aimed being successful or not.
Philosophers
Soren Kierkegaard
Friedrich Nietzsche

Sren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche were two of the first philosophers considered fundamental to
the existentialist movement, though neither used the term "existentialism" and it is unclear whether they
would have supported the existentialism of the 20th century. They focused on subjective human
experience rather than the objective truths of mathematics and science, which they believed were too
detached or observational to truly get at the human experience. Like Pascal, they were interested in
people's quiet struggle with the apparent meaninglessness of life and the use of diversion to escape from
boredom. Unlike Pascal, Kierkegaard and Nietzsche also considered the role of making free choices,
particularly regarding fundamental values and beliefs, and how such choices change the nature and
identity of the chooser Kierkegaard's knight of faith and Nietzsche's bermensch are representative of
people who exhibit Freedom, in that they define the nature of their own existence. Nietzsche's idealized
individual invents his own values and creates the very terms they excel under. By contrast, Kierkegaard,
opposed to the level of abstraction in Hegel, and not nearly as hostile (actually welcoming) to
Christianity as Nietzsche, argues through a pseudonym that the objective certainty of religious truths
(specifically Christian) is not only impossible, but even founded on logical paradoxes. Yet he continues to
imply that a leap of faith is a possible means for an individual to reach a higher stage of existence that
transcends and contains both an aesthetic and ethical value of life. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche were also
precursors to other intellectual movements, including postmodernism, and various strands
of psychology. However, Kierkegaard believed that individuals should live in accordance with their
thinking.
Blaise Pascal
Edmund Hussuerl (1859-1938) was born on April
8, 1859, into a Jewish family in the town of Prossnitz
in Maravia, then a part of the Austrian Empire. And
he considered as a father of the philosophical
movement known as Phenomenology. Husserl was
interested in developing a general theory of
inferential systems, which(following Bolzano) he
conceived of as a theory of science, on the ground
that every science(including mathematics) can be
looked upon as a system of propositions that are
interconnection by a set of inferential relations.

Contributions:
Phenomenology as an approach to philosophy
that takes the intuitive experience of
phenomena
Subjective experience as the source of all of our
knowledge of objective phenomena.
Lifeworld, aboutness, and intersubjectivity.
Karl Jaspers(1883-1969) Jaspers was born in
the North German town of Oldenburg in 1883.
Began his academic career working as a
psychiatrist, he converted to philosophy in the
early 1920s. His philosophy has it foundation
in a subjective- experiential transformation of
Kantian philosophy, which reconstructs
Kantilan transcendentalism as a doctrine of
particular experience and spontaneous
freedom, and emphasizes the constitutive
importance o lived existence for authentic
knowledge .
Contributions:
As human question reality, they confront
borders that an empirical(scientific) method
cannot simply transcend.
Human reactions to extreme situations.
Transcendence, the encompassing, and
existence.
Edmund Husserl is the father of the philosophical
movement known as phenomenology.
Karl Jaspers German psychiatrist and agnostic philosopher,
theist
{
-German
phenomenologist
-NAZI
-Philosopher
Martin
Heidegger
- Question of being
-Being and Time
Affiliation with Nazism
Jean-Paul Charles Aymand Sartre
-French Philosopher
Nobel Prize in Literature
Human
Mankind
Woman
She
Female
Simone de Beauvoir
The Second Sex
- Questioned philosophy &
its lack of understanding
of the historical and
specific nature of womens
oppression which is gender-
related.
Sartres Girlfriend
French Feminist and Author
Has critique of language
Women have historically been considered deviant
and abnormal as compared to men.

Emulate Normality , for women to move
forward.

Beauvoir asserted that women are as capable of
choice as men.

Philosophy constructed women as the other in
relation to men then philosophy itself was failing
to conceptualize the human conditions under
which it operated.




She argued that stereotyping was always done.
(ex. In race, class, religion, gender)

Its a fact that with sex , men stereotyped women.

Womens social subjugation is due to patriarchy
(male dominated system) through machismo
(mens exaggerated sense of power over women)
and chauvinism (prejudiced belief in the
superiority of ones own gender).

Remembered more for her influence in Feminism
than on Existentialism.

Albert Camus
French atheist, novelist,
dramatist, absurdist,
humanist

Died in a car crash only three
years after receiving the award
(Nobel Price for Literature ).

How else to start from the
worlds lack of meaning and
end up by finding a meaning
and a depth to it.







Existence was meaningless, that life made no
sense, and that a persons search for meaning was
useless.

He called Existentialism - philosophical suicide.

Famous works:
The Myth of Sisyphus (a king in Greek mythology
who defied the gods and put death in chains so
that no human needed to die.)
Absurd Reasoning
Absurd Man
{
Fyodor Dostoevsky was
one of Russias greatest
writers, one whose works
are read and discussed all
over the world. His writing
is steeped in deep
psychology and the
exploration of human
nature, while it also
accurately depicts the
Russian reality of his
times.
Fyodor Dostoevsky
-Study of individual will, freedom, and
anguish in his novels.

-Intense interest in abnormal and perverted
behavior due to his association with criminals

-Characters living in poor conditions with
desperate and extreme states of mind,
exploring human psychology.
{
A Czech
Novelist
Franz Kafka
-Depictions of cruel faith

-Themes of hopelessness, alienation,
and persecution.

-Humans exist in a world that is at once
real(mundane) and dreamlike (surreal),
in which individuals-burdened with
guilt, isolation, and anxiety make a
futile (absurd) search for personal
salvation.
Some existentialist questions
If something worth living for is worth dying for,
what about something not worth dying for?
Did man create God to have reason to live?
Does society make women and men different or
do we choose our roles?
Would living forever add meaning to life??
How do you really act in private
Without love, Without people what is a person