System Development

Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition

1
Systems Development
Chapter 8
2
Principles and Learning Objectives
Effective systems development requires a
team effort of stakeholders, users, managers,
systems development specialists, and various
support personnel, and it starts with careful
planning.

Identify the key participants in the systems
development process and discuss their roles.
Define the term information systems planning and
list several reasons for initiating a systems project.
3
Systems development often uses different approaches
and tools such as traditional development, prototyping,
rapid application development, end-user development,
computer-aided software engineering, and object-
oriented development to select, implement, and monitor
projects.

Discuss the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of the
traditional, prototyping, rapid application development, and end-
user systems development life cycles.
Discuss the use of computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
tools and the object-oriented approach to systems development.
4
Systems development starts with investigation
and analysis of existing systems.

State the purpose of systems investigation.
Discuss the importance of performance and cost
objectives.
State the purpose of systems analysis and discuss
some of the tools and techniques used in this phase
of systems development.
5
Designing new systems or modifying existing
ones should always be aimed at helping an
organization achieve its goals.

State the purpose of systems design and discuss the
differences between logical and physical systems
design.
Outline key steps taken during the design phase.
Define the term RFP and discuss how this document
is used to drive the acquisition of hardware and
software.
6
The primary emphasis of systems
implementation is to make sure that the right
information is delivered to the right person in the
right format at the right time.

State the purpose of systems implementation and
discuss the various activities associated with this
phase of systems development.
7
Maintenance and review add to the useful life of
a system but can consume large amounts of
resources, so they benefit from the same
rigorous methods and project management
techniques applied to systems development.

State the importance of systems and software
maintenance and discuss the activities involved.
Describe the systems review process.
8
An Overview of Systems
Development
9
Top Uses for New Systems in Various
Industries
10
Participants in Systems Development
11
Information Systems Planning
12
Systems Development Life
Cycles and Approaches
13
The Traditional SDLC
14
Prototyping is an Iterative Approach to
Systems Development
15
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
Employs tools, techniques, and methodologies
designed to speed application development.

Joint Application Development (JAD) - RAD
makes extensive use of this for data collection
and requirements analysis.

16
Advantages and Disadvantages of RAD
17
Use of Project Management Tools
Project schedule
Project milestone
Project deadline
Critical path
Program Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT)
Gantt chart
18
Gantt Chart
19
Selected Project Management Software
20
Computer-Aided Software Engineering
(CASE) Tools
Automate many of the tasks required in a systems development
effort and enforce adherence to the SDLC, thus instilling a high
degree of rigor and standardization to the entire systems
development process

Upper-CASE tools - CASE packages that focus on activities
associated with the early stages of systems development.

Lower-CASE tools - focus on the later stages of systems
development and are capable of automatically generating structured
program code.

Integrated-CASE tools - provide links between upper-
and lower-CASE packages.
21
Object-Oriented Systems Development
Identify potential problems and opportunities within the organization
that would be appropriate for the OO approach

Define the kind of system users require

Design the system

Program or modify modules

Evaluation by users

Periodic review and modification
22
Use Case Diagram for a Kayak Rental
Application
23
Systems Development Maturity Based on the
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
24
Systems Investigation
25
Systems Investigation
Attempts to answer the following questions:

What primary problems might a new or enhanced
system solve?
What opportunities might a new or enhanced system
provide?
What new hardware, software, databases, or
procedures will improve an existing system?
What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)?
What are the associated risks?
26
Feasibility Analysis
27
Systems Investigation Report
28
Systems Analysis
29
Systems Analysis
Data collection - seeks additional information
about the problems

Data Analysis - manipulates collected data so
that it is usable for the development team
30
Internal and External Sources of Data
31
The Steps in Data Collection
32
Data and Activity Modeling
33
Requirements Analysis
Asking directly
Determining critical success factors (CSFs)
Developing the IS plan
34
The Systems Analysis Report
The report should cover the following:

The strengths and weaknesses of the existing system
from a stakeholders perspective
The user/stakeholder requirements for the new
system (also called the functional requirements)
The organizational requirements for the new system
A description of what the new information system
should do to solve the problem
35
Converting Organizational Goals into
Systems Requirements
36
A Typical Table of Contents for a
Report on an Existing System
37
Systems Design
38
Systems Design
Logical design - involves planning the purpose
of each system element.

Physical design - refers to how the tasks are
accomplished, including how the components
work together and what each component does.
39
Request for Proposal
One of the most important documents generated
during systems development.

Results in a formal bid that is used to determine
who gets a contract for new or modified
systems.

Specifies in detail required resources.
40
A Typical Table of Contents for a
Request for Proposal
41
Advantages and Disadvantages of Acquisition Options
42
Freezing Design Specifications
43
A Typical Table of Contents for a Systems
Design Report
44
Systems Implementation
45
Typical Steps in Systems Implementation
46
Types of Testing
47
Start-up Approaches
48
Systems Maintenance and
Review
49
Systems Maintenance
Reasons for program maintenance include:

Changes in business processes
New requests from stakeholders, users, and
managers
Bugs or errors in the program
Technical and hardware problems
Corporate mergers and acquisitions
Government regulations
Change in the operating system or hardware on
which the application runs
Unexpected events, like the terrorist attacks of
September
50
Examples of Review Types
51
Summary
Systems development team - consists of stakeholders,
users, managers, systems development specialists, and
various support personnel.

Five phases of the traditional SDLC - investigation,
analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance and
review.

Systems investigation - designed to assess the
feasibility of implementing solutions for business
problems.
52
Summary
Systems analysis - the examination of existing systems, which
begins once approval for further study is received from
management.

Systems design purpose is to prepare the detailed design needs
for a new system or make modifications to an existing one.

Systems implementation - to install a system and make
everything, including users, ready for its operation.

Systems maintenance - involves checking, changing, and
enhancing the system to make it more useful in obtaining user and
organizational goals.

System Development

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Fundamentals of Information

Systems, Second Edition

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