The term logic in electronics refers to the

representation and logical manipulation of

numbers usually in a code employing two symbols.
i.e., bits.

An electronic logic circuit is one whose inputs and
outputs can take only one of two states. Where the
output of such a circuit depends only on the
present state of the input to the circuit, it is called
a combinational logic circuit. (Other case is
sequential logic circuit)

Logic circuits may have many inputs and many
outputs and be made up of a large number of
elements called logic gates
Most modern electronic logic networks are
constructed from two state components in
the form of integrated circuits (IC) fabricated
in a single piece of pure silicon and often
referred to as a CHIP.

They are available as transistor-transistor
logic (TTL) and complementary symmetry
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) which
supersede earlier resistor-transistor logic
(RTL) and diode-transistor logic (DTL).
A logic gate is an electronic device that has a
single output terminal and a number of
inputs, or control terminals.

If voltage levels representing the binary states
of 1 or 0 are fed to the input terminals, the
output terminal will adopt a voltage level
equivalent to 1 or 0, depending upon the
particular function of the gate.

The basic logic gates provide the functions of
AND and OR.

Circuit Symbol Truth Table


Equivalent circuit
Truth Table
Equivalent circuit
Truth Table
Equivalent circuit
Truth Table
Equivalent circuit
Truth Table
"A room has two doors and a
central light, and switches are
to be fitted at each door such
that either switch will turn the
light on and off".
Equivalent circuit
Truth Table
A B = AB + AB
Either the NAND or the NOR gate can be connected to operate
as a simple inverter as illustrated in the following figure.

In diagram (a) a 2 input NAND gate is shown with one input
permanently held at the 1 state (+ 5v), and the resulting
output will be the inversion of the single input A.

Diagram (b) shows a 2 input NOR gate with one input
permanently held at the 0 state (0v) again resulting in an
output which will be the inversion of the single input A.
(a)
NAND INVERTER
(b)
NOR INVERTER
A
A
+5V OV
A
A
Another instance where multiple inputs to a single
gate operation can occur is with certain types of
gate elements that have an 'EXTENDED INPUT'
facility provided.

The circuit illustrated in the figure is a typical
example, showing a 3 input NAND gate (element
X).

A connection from the base of the transistor is
brought out in order that further inputs (element Y)
can be connected to extend the input range (i.e.
inputs D and E)
Delay elements are used to 'delay' the travel of a
pulse along a line for a short period of time.

This is occasionally necessary to ensure that one bit
of information does not arrive at some point in the
circuit earlier than another.

Most delay times are relatively small and only amount
to few mili-seconds.
Occasionally it is required to 'hold' one input to an AND
gate at a particular logic level in order to disable the
entire gate.

One method of representing this symbolically is shown
in figure which illustrates a two input gate with an
'INHIBIT' input C carrying an active state indicator.

In this case, with a 1 state at the inhibit input C, the
gate is disabled irrespective of the input conditions at A
and B.

With a 0 state at the inhibit input C, however, the gate is
'enabled' and the output will adopt the 1 state when
both input A and input B are at the 1 state.
1. Adders
2. Subtractors
3. Clocks
4. Latches
5. Flip-flops
6. Counters

Adders, as their name suggests, add binary digits.
Since binary numbers consist of only two digits, 1
and 0, it is almost always necessary to carry a digit
to the next higher-order column when adding.

For example 1 + 1 = 0 carry 1. There are always 3
inputs into a full adder; the 2 digits being added
and the carry from the adjacent lower order column
(A, B & CI)

Substractor circuits are again a combination of
basic gates with the inputs A, B and BRI. BRI is the
borrowed digit from the subtraction in the adjacent
lower-order column (if applicable).

The outputs are D, the difference between the
digits in the subtraction, and BRO, the digit
borrowed from the adjacent higher-order column
(if applicable).

Certain functions of a digital circuit require a
consistently timed binary signal.
A digital clock provides a stable frequency of
binary 1
s
and 0
s
.
A crystal material is commonly used to
control pulse time and produce a consistent
binary 1 and 0 waveform (square-wave).

Latches and Flip-flop circuits are a
combination of logic gates that perform basic
memory functions for computers and
peripherals.

Both these circuits retain their output signal
even when the input signal has been
removed; therefore, these circuits
remember the input data.
The two inputs to the latch are SET (S) and RESET
(R), with two output signals Q and Q (not Q). A logic
1 at the S input will set the latch memory making Q
equal 1, and Q equal 0. Logic 1 at the R input will
reset the latch, making Q equal 0, and Q equal 1.

Flip-flops change their output when a trigger pulse
is applied. A flip-flop circuit contains three inputs,
the S and R signals are identical with the latch
circuit, the Clock Pulse (CP) is an input that
controls the circuit switch time. Its output will only
change state at given time intervals controlled by
the clock pulse.


The flip-flop device when connected in series
can function as a binary counter.

1


0
COUNT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1


0
2
0

1


0
2
1

1


0
2
2

1


0
2
3

Landing Gear Logic Circuit
+v
THROTTLE
SWITCH
DOWN RIGHT MAIN GEAR
DOWN SWITCH
LEFT MAIN GEAR
DOWN SWITCH
NOSE GEAR
DOWN SWITCH
+v
+v
+v
WARNING
HORN
Engine Starting Logic Circuit
OR
OR
AND
AND
AND
AND
2-3 VALVE
PNEUMATIC OVER-
PRESSURE (ENG 3)
ENG 3 AIR
No 2 ENGINE
GROUND PNEUMATIC
CONNECTION 1
PNEUMATIC OVER-
PRESSURE (ENG 1)
ENG 1 AIR
1-2 VALVE
GROUND PNEUMATIC
CONNECTION 2
APU LOAD CONTROL VALVE
AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU)