WHAT IS INTERTEXTUALITY?

Poststructuralist Julia Kristeva in the 1960s.

Widely accepted by postmodern literary critics and
theoreticians.
A response to Saussures theory (claim that signs gain their
meaning through structure in a particular text)
Readers are always influenced by other texts:
When a text is read in the light of another text, all the
assumptions and effects of the other text give a new meaning
and influence the way of interpreting the original text.
It serves as a subtheme, and reminds us of the double
narratives in allegories.
A structural analysis of texts in relation to the larger system of
signifying practices or uses of signs in culture (Morgan. 1985)
Examples of Intertextuality in Literature
J. Joyces Ulysses as a retelling of the Odyssey, set in
Dublin.
Hemingway used the language of the metaphysical poet
John Donne in naming his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls.
The Bible: The New Testament quotes passages from the
Old Testament.


The Social Word: BAKHTIN
Intertextuality and the work of Bakhtin are inseparable.
All linguistic communication occurs in specific social situatons and
between specific classes and groups of language-users.
Language reflexs cosntantly changing social values and
positions.
No utterance exists alone: it emerges from a complex history of
previous works and seeks for response from a complex social
context.
dialogic - polyphony - heteroglossia double-voiced discourse
hybridization (clash of languages)
Language is socially specific: embodies the stratifications ,
ideological positions and class conflics at work in any specific
moment
O my Luve's like a red, red rose
That's newly sprung in June;
O my Luve's like the melodie
That's sweetly play'd in tune.

As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,
So deep in luve am I:
And I will luve thee still, my dear,
Till a' the seas gang dry:
(Burns, 1969:582)
HYPERTEXT
Intertextual system capacity to emphasize intertextuality in a
way that page-bound text in books cannot.
Scholarly articles and books offer an example of explicit
hypertextuality and works of literature, an instance of implicit
hypertext in nonelectronic form.
Often associated with computers and the internet, "hypertext"
means that the text contains extensive cross-referencing
elements, evocative graphics, various pathways to follow, links to
other meanings, and/or parallel displays of information (Hassett.
2001)
There are many ways to read a hypertext
"hyperreading: the reader (not the author) decides where to
look and how (or whether) to engage in particular aspects of the
text. (Hassett. 2001)
To be, or not to be, that is the question
Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to suffer
The Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die, to sleep
No more; and by a sleep, to say we end
The Heart-ache, and the thousand Natural shocks
That Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep,
To sleep, perchance to Dream; Aye, there's the rub,
For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There's the respect
That makes Calamity of so long life:
For who would bear the Whips and Scorns of time,
Th' Oppressor's wrong, the proud man's Contumely,
The pangs of despised Love, the Laws delay,


The insolence of Office, and the Spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his Quietus make
With a bare Bodkin? Who would these Fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscovered Country, from whose bourn
No Traveler returns, Puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of.
Thus Conscience does make Cowards of us all,
And thus the Native hue of Resolution
Is sicklied o'er, with the pale cast of Thought,
And enterprises of great pitch and moment,
With this regard their Currents turn awry,
And lose the name of Action. Soft you now,
The fair Ophelia. Nymph, in all thy Orisons
Be all my sins remembered.
Hamlet (Shakespeare. 1601)

ALMEREYDAS HAMLET
THEME Represented by:
Jazz Hamlet Sense of improvisation
Commercial, consumer, media-
dominated society
Denmark Corporation is a symbol of
corruption.
American globalization displaces the
nation state.
Ophelia and Hamlet, privileged rich
kids who dont have much to do, reject
its values.
Paparazzi and a press conference
replace the court of Act I, Scene ii.
Materialistic values displace spiritual
ones.
The ghost disappears into a Pepsi
machine.
Product ads are everywhere.

THEME Represented by:
Manhattan The high rise buildings, limousines,
ads, glitter, hard surfaces create an
impersonal effect.
Globalization is presented as a state
of mind and an urban experience.
The shots of Manhattan project a
sense of fragmentation, which reflects
Hamlets inner state.
Technology Fax machines, computers, phones,
recorders, video and still cameras, etc.
appear in almost every scene.
Technology displaces memory.
Hamlet watches home videos of loving
parents, which he zooms and rewinds.
Technology mediates communication.
Hamlet leaves a message to get to a
nunnery on Ophelias answering
machine.
A fax, not Osric, informs Hamlet of
Laertess challenge to a duel.
The Ghost first appears on a security
camera. Horatio and Marcella rush to an
elevator to check.
ASTERIX: SOME CULTURAL & HYPERTEXTUAL REFERENCES
The idea that Vikings reached America centuries
before Columbus is one that was seriously.
When the Vikings set foot on American ground Herende the
lessen paraphrases Neil Armstrong's famous quote: "It's one
small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind", defending the
quote on the grounds that it "just came to [him]".
The nationality of the Vikings in this story is Danish. Several
references make this clear:
This is made clear by several references to William
Shakespeare's play about the Danish prince Hamlet.
Odiuscomparissen at one point says: "Something is rotten in the
state of ..." while holding a skull in his hand. (In the play, the
character Marcellus claims "something is rotten in the state of
Denmark", and Hamlet delivers a monologue on death, many
times interpreted while holding the skull of his childhood
playmate, the court jester Yorick. )
Towards the end of the comic Herendethelessen is seen
wondering if he is a discoverer or not? He concludes by quoting
Hamlet: "To be or not to be, that's the question.
Herendethelessen's dog, Huntingsessen, is a Great Dane.
Pseudo-Danish spelling (English replacing all the O's by 's and
all the A's by 's) is used for the Vikings' speech.
Culture and literature, after all, indicate the cultivation of man's inner nature.
Culture prompts men and women to seek perfection() Literature expresses
feelings and innermost thoughts and ambitions, while technology has other
ends and other fields to explore. Literature may at first appear to be out of
place in a technological milieu (but) there seems to be no reason why both
literature and technology cannot flourish side by side.
Tejaswi Si (2012)
LITERATURE NOWADAYS
Considering both concepts hypertext and cybertext it is
important to consider the technological supports to write this new
kind of literature.
Aya Karpinska envisioned the way her story had to develop: all she
needed was the right iPhone app.
She thinks that electronic media is expanding the definition of what
reading and writing can be.
Twitterature (tweets + literatura) or twaiku (tweets + haiku) are
examples of this technological trend.
Twitterature is the amalgamation of twitter and literature; the goal
is to use the tweet as a literacy device, all the while respecting the
limits of the 140 characters.

A twaiku is a haiku posted on Twitter(140 characters).
Here are the latest twaiku micropoems live from twitter:

@xmicropoetry: RT @TimGardiner3: A barnacle clinging to
rotten timber ~ lives in shallow waters

@TimGardiner3: A barnacle clinging to rotten timber ~ lives in
shallow waters

@Richard_Jackson: Heatstruck moth in pool Making tiny
speedboat wakes Surely not long now

@xmicropoetry: RT @TimGardiner3: The shower passed ~ a full
moon radiates on glass roads

@TimGardiner3: The shower passed ~ a full moon radiates on
glass roads

LINKS
Almereydas Hamlet
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YHMYkUrV7A

Emily Carroll. Margots room.
http://emcarroll.com/comics/margot/

Emily Carroll. The Death of Jos Arcario.
http://emcarroll.com/comics/faceallred/01.html