802.

16/WiMAX
EECS 228a, Spring 2006
Shyam Parekh
References
IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16REVd)
IEEE 802.16-2005 (802.16e)
Intels Whitepapers, 2004
(http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2004/volume08issue03/)
IEEE Standard 802.16: A Technical Overview of the
WirelessMAN Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access,
C. Eklund et al., IEEE Communication Magazine, June 2002
Broadband Wireless Access with 802.16/WiMax: Current
Performance Benchmarks and Future Potential, A. Ghosh et
al., IEEE Communication Magazine, Feb 2005
Wireless Communication Standards: A Study of IEEE
802.11, 802.15, and 802.16, T. Cooklev, 2004

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source: LBL
802.16 Standards History
802.16a
(Jan 2003)
Extension for 2-11 GHz: Targeted for non-
line-of-sight, Point-to-Multi-Point
applications like last mile broadband access
802.16
(Dec 2001)
Original fixed wireless broadband air Interface
for 10 66 GHz: Line-of-sight only, Point-to-
Multi-Point applications
802.16c
(2002)
802.16 Amendment
WiMAX System Profiles
10 - 66 GHz
802.16REVd
(802.16-2004)
(Oct 2004)
Adds WiMAX System Profiles and Errata for
2-11 GHz
802.16e
(802.16-2005)
(Dec 2005)
MAC/PHY Enhancements to support
subscribers moving at vehicular speeds
First standard based on proprietary implementations of DOCSIS/HFC
architecture in wireless domain
Applications of 802.16
Standards
802.16 Network Architecture
802.16 Network Architecture (2)
Scope of 802.16 Standards
Physical Layer Summary
Designation Applicability MAC Duplexing
WirelessMAN-SC 10-66 GHz Licensed Basic TDD, FDD, HFDD
WirelessMAN-SC 2-11 GHz Licensed Basic, (ARQ),
(STC), (AAS)
TDD, FDD
WirelessMAN-OFDM
2-11 GHz Licensed Basic, (ARQ),
(STC), (AAS)
TDD, FDD
2-11 GHz License-
exempt
Basic, (ARQ),
(STC), (DFS),
(MSH), (AAS)
TDD
WirelessMAN-OFDMA
2-11 GHz Licensed Basic, (ARQ),
(STC), (AAS)
TDD, FDD
2-11 GHz License-
exempt
Basic, (ARQ),
(STC), (DFS),
(MSH), (AAS)
TDD
Channel Characteristics
10-66 GHz
Very weak multipath components (LOS is
required)
Rain attenuation is a major issue
Single-carrier PHY
2-11 GHz
Multipath
NLOS
Single and multi-carrier PHYs
Wireless Performance
(as of 2003)
Source: S. Viswanathan, Intel
OFDMA Subchannels
A subset of subcarriers is grouped together to form a subchannel
A transmitter is assigned one or more subchannels in DL direction
(16 subchannels are supported in UL in OFDM PHY)
Subchannels provide interference averaging benefits for aggressive frequency
reuse systems

OFDM Basics
Orthogonal Subcarriers
Cyclic Prefix in Frequency Domain Cyclic Prefix in Time Domain
Equalizers are avoided in OFDM
time
Cyclic Prefix Useful Symbol Time
time
Note: All signals & multipath over a
useful symbol time are from the same
symbol & add constructively (no ISI)
Note: dashed lines
represent multipath
Narrow bandwidth long symbol times all significant multipaths arrive within a symbol
time minimizing ISI no equalization low complexity
Tx Signal



Rx Signal
Source: Lucent
Tradeoffs of FFT size
The FFT size determines the number of sub-
carriers in the specified bandwidth
Larger FFT sizes lead to narrower subcarriers and
smaller inter-subcarrier spacing
More susceptibility to ICI, particularly in high Doppler
(Note: Doppler shift for 125 km/hr for operation at 3.5
GHz is v/ = 35 m/sec/0.086 m = 408 Hz)
Narrower subcarriers lead to longer symbol times
less susceptibility to delay spread
Smaller FFT sizes the opposite is true
Source: Lucent
OFDMA Scalability
Supports s wide range of frame sizes (2-20 ms)
Source: Intel Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
General Downlink Frame
Structure
Downlink Interval Usage Code (DIUC) indicates burst profile
General Uplink Frame
Structure
Uplink Interval Usage Code (UIUC) indicates burst profile
OFDMA TDD Frame Structure
DL-MAP and UL-MAP indicate the current frame structure
BS periodically broadcasts Downlink Channel Descriptor (DCD) and Uplink
Channel Descriptor (UCD) messages to indicate burst profiles (modulation and
FEC schemes)
Frame Structure Another View
Network Entry Process
SDU and PDU
Connections
802.16/WiMAX is connection oriented
For each direction, a connection
identified with a 16 bit CID
Each CID is associated with a Service
Flow ID (SFID) that determines the
QoS parameters for that CID

PDU Transmission
Source: R. Marks (NIST) IEEE Presentation
QoS Mechanism
Generic MAC Frame
Generic MAC Header
Generic Bandwidth Request
Management Messages
Management messages are broadcast
or sent on three CIDs in each direction:
Basic, Primary, and Secondary
Uplink Channel Descriptor
Downlink Channel Descriptor
UL-MAP
DL-MAP
DSA-REQ
DSA-RSP
Key Management Messages (1)
Key Management Messages (2)
Scheduling Types and QoS
Scheduling Type Parameters
Unsolicited Grant Service
(UGS)
Max Sustained Traffic Rate,
Maximum Latency,
Tolerated Jitter
Real-Time Polling Service
(rtPS)

Max Sustained Traffic Rate,
Min Reserved Traffic Rate,
Committed Burst Size,
Maximum Latency, etc.
Non-real-time Polling Service
(nrtPS)
Committed Information Rate,
Maximum Information Rate
Best Effort (BE) Maximum Information Rate
Extended rtPS was introduced in 802.16e that combines UGS and rtPS: This has
periodic unsolicited grants, but the grant size can be changed by request
Scheduling Classes
Advanced 802.16 Features
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO)
MIMO channel capacity is given by
C = B log
2
det(I + SNR.HH
*T
/N)
where H is MxN channel matrix with M and N are
receive and transmit antennas, resp.
Hybrid-ARQ
For faster ARQ, combines error correction and
detection and makes use of previously received
versions of a frame
Adaptive Antenna System (AAS)
Enables directed beams between BS and SSs

WiBro (Wireless Broadband)
WiBro is an early large-scale
deployment of 802.16 in South Korea
(Dec 2005)
Demonstrates 802.16 performance as
compared to 3G/4G cellular
alternatives
3 operators have been licensed by the
government (each spending ~$1B)
WiMAX Opportunities
There is a work opportunity to
create/enhance 802.16/WiMAX
network level simulation
Contact sparekh@lucent.com
Technical contributions characterizing
802.16 performance and network
capacity are much needed