When you have a specific question to answer or information

to collect, you need to be able to skim a page quickly to find

the section you need. You can do this by scanning a text for
a keyword.
Basic skills: Skimming and
scanning
Can you define the three highlighted words above?
Skim: to read something
quickly so that you only
note the important points.
Scan: to look quickly and
not very thoroughly through
a text in order to identify
relevant information.
In which specific
situations do you think it
would be a useful skill to
be able to skim/scan
quickly and accurately?
Keyword: a word
of importance.
Reading Techniques
1. Finding the general ideas

2. Finding the specific information

3. Vocabulary questions
1. Finding the general ideas
a. Main Idea

b. The organization of ideas
How to identify question:

1. the topic.

2. the subject.

3. the main idea.

4. the author concern.

5. the best title.

How to answer the question
FIRST AND LAST

1. Read the first and the last paragraph
2. Read the first line of each paragraph.
3. Look for a common theme of idea in the first
lines.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
chooses the best answer from the remaining
choices.

Fort Knox, Kentucky, is the
site of a US army post, but it
is even more renowned for
the Fort Knox Bullion
Depository, the massive
vault that contains the bulk
of the US governments gold
deposits. Completed in
1936, the vault is housed in
a two-story building
constructed of granite, steel,
and concrete; the vault itself
is made of steel and
concrete and has door that
weighs more than twenty
tons. Naturally , the most
up-to-date security devices
available are place at Fort
Knox, and the army post
nearby provides further
protection

1. Which the following best
describes the topic of the
passage?
a. The city of Fort Knox,
Kentucky
b. The Federal gold
depository
c. The U.S. army Fort Knox
d. Guild bullion
2. Which of the following
would be the best title for
this passage?
a. The Massive Concrete
Vault
b. Fort Knox Security
c. Where The U.S. Keeps Its
Gold
d. A Visit to Kentucky

Skill 2 : Recognized the Organization of
ideas



How to identify
the question ?

How is the information
in passage organize

How is the information
in the paragraph X
related to the
information in the
paragraph Y

The X paragraph
Skill 2: Organization of ideas
menentukan bagaimana
hubungan ide antara paragraf
satu dgn paragraf lainnya
didalam bacaan, atau
hubungan antara keseluruhan
paragraf didalam bacaan
Recognize the organization of
the supporting details will help
you understand how an author
thinks.

1. Definition and Example
2. Time/Chronological Order
3. Classification
4. Comparison and Contrast
5. Problem Solution
6. Cause and Effect
7. Listing
8. Process

Organization of ideas
Signal words, also
known as transitions,
are words which
indicate the relationship
between one paragraph
to another and the
organization of the
details in the paragraph
Strategy: Look at Signal Words
What are transitions and how are
they used?
Transition words and
phrases help make clear
connections between
ideas, and also make
the sentences and
paragraphs flow together
smoothly, thus making
them easier to read.
Transition words:
Provide more information
Provide an example
Provide a cause or reason
Provide a result or an effect
Provide a purpose or reason
Provide a comparison or contrast
Provide a sequence
Provide a summary
Provide a conclusion
Transition words that provide more
information
Besides/ selain itu
Furthermore/lebih jauh lagi
In addition/selain itu
Indeed /memang/bahkan
In fact
Moreover /terlebih lagi
Second
Third
Transition words that provide an
example
For example
For instance/misalnya
In particular/pada khususnya
Particularly/secara khusus
Specifically
To demonstrate
To illustrate

Transition words that provide a
cause or reason
As /karena /seperti
Because
Because of
Due to /karena
For
For the reason that /karena alasan
itu
Since
Transition words that provide a
result or an effect
Accordingly/dengan demikian
Finally/akhirnya
Consequently/akibatnya
Hence/karenanya
So
Therefore /oleh karena itu
Thus/demikian

Transition words that provide a
purpose or reason
For fear that/karena takut bahwa
In the hope that/dengan harapan
bahwa
In order to/dalam rangka untuk
So
So that/sehingga
With this in mind /dalam pikiran bahwa
Transition words that provide a
comparison or contrast
Although /meskipun
However /tapi
In comparison/jika dibandingkan
In contrast/sebaliknya
Likewise /demikian juga
Nevertheless/kendati demikian
On the other hand/disisi lain
Similarly /begitu pula
Whereas/padahal
Yet/tetapi

Transition words that provide a
sequence
After
Before
Currently
During
Eventually
Finally
First,...Second,...,
etc.
Formerly
Immediately
Initially
Lastly
Later
Meanwhile
Next
Previously
Simultaneously
Soon
Subsequently/kemu
dian
Transition words that provide a
summary
Briefly/secara singkat
In brief/pendek kata
Overall/secara keseluruhan
Summing up/menyimpulkan
To put it briefly/secara
singkat
To sum up /untuk meringkas
To summarize/untuk meringkas


Transition words that provide a
conclusion
Given these facts/dengan
fakta2 ini
Hence /oleh karena itu
In conclusion/sebagai
penutup
So
Thus/demikian
To conclude /untuk
menutup/menyimpulkan
Therefore /oleh karen itu


define as,
is,
known,
the term means, yang istilahnya
berarti
is stated as, /dinyatakan
sebagai.
is used to mean/digunakan
untuk maksud


TRANSITION WORDS THAT
PROVIDE DEFINITIONS

Transition words TO SHOW TIME
after,
afterward, /sesudahnya
as,
as long as, /selama
as soon as,
at last,
before,
during,
earlier,
finally,
formerly, /sebelumnya

immediately, /dengan
segera
later,
meanwhile,
/sementara itu
next,
since,
shortly, /segera
subsequently,
/sesudah itu
then,
thereafter,
/sesudahnya
until,
when,
while

1. Definition and Example
2. Time/Chronological Order
3. Classification
4. Comparison and Contrast
5. Problem Solution
6. Cause and Effect
7. Listing
8. Process

Organization of ideas
Acrophobia is an intense, unreasonable
fear of high places. People with acrophobia
exhibit emotional and physical symptoms in
response to being at great heights. For
instance, one sufferer of extreme
acrophobia, Andrea Copeland, is unable to
go above the third floor of any building
without feeling enormous anxiety. Her
acrophobia began one evening when she
was working alone in her office on the
eighth floor of a large building. Suddenly
she was struck with terror. She gathered
her things and left the building, Yet, she still
has no rational explanation for her fear,
which is also typical of this type of phobia.
Definition and Example
The famous Leaning Tower of Pisa has been tilting for over
800years, and recent improvements should allow it to
continue tilting for another 300 more. On August 9, 1173,
construction began on this well known Italian bell tower.
Almost immediately, it began leaning because it was being
erected on the soft silt of a buried riverbed. Between 1178
and 1360, work stopped and started two more times as
workers tried to continue the project and figure out how to
compensate for the tilt. Over the next six centuries, the
towers lean continued to increase, although tourists were
still allowed to visit. Then, in 1990, Italys prime minister
feared the tower would collapse and closed it to the public.
From 1999 to 2001, engineers excavated soil from beneath
the tower. Now, the tower still leans out about 15 feet
beyond its base, but it should remain stable for several
more centuries.


Source: Covington, Richard (2001) Smithsonian. The Leaning Tower Straightens Up, p41-47
Time/Chronological Order

Conflict whithin an organization is not
always viewed as undesirable. In
fact, various managers have
widely divergent ideas on the
value that conflict can have.

According to the traditional view of
conflict, conflict is harmful to an
organization. Managers with this
traditional view of conflict see as
their role in an organization to rid
the organization of any possible
sources of conflict.

The interactionist view of conflict, on
the other hand, holds that conflict
can serve an important function in
an organization by reducing
complacency among workers and
causing positive change to occur.
Managers who hold an
interactionist view of conflict may
actualy take steps to stimulate
confllict within the organization.

1. How is the information in the
passage organized?
a.The origin of ideas about conflict is
presented.
b.Contrasting views of conflict are
presented.
c.Two theorists discuss the strengths
and weaknesses of their views on
conflict
d.Examples of conflict within
organizations are presented

2. What type of information is
included in the third
paragraph?
a.A comparison of the interactionist
and traditional views of conflict
b.A discussion of the weaknesses of
the interactionist view of conflict
c.An outline of type of manager who
prefers the interactionist view of
conflict
d.A description of one of the opposing
views of conflict


exercises
Page 256 Conflict


Traditional Interactional

* Page 257
IQ is defined as.
In theory/ Theoretically. It is set up to
In practice, it has..
Questions No.11 page 239,50 page 333




2. Finding the specific
information
a. Explicit directly answered questions
(Stated and unstated detail question)

b. Implicit indirectly answered questions
(implied detailed questions and
transition)
Answer Stated Detail Question
Correctly
Jawaban pertanyaan semacam ini merupakan restatement atau pernyataan
ulang dari penjelasan dalam bagian bacaan yang dikutip. Tentu saja, yang
namanya restatement belum tentu berupa kalimat yang persis plek dengan
yang tertera pada bacaan.
How to identify the
question
According to the pasaage
It is stated in the passage
The passage indicates that
The another mention that.
Which of the following is true
Where to find the answer The answer to these question are found in order
in the passage.
Choose a key word in the question
Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for
the key word of idea.
Read the sentence that contains the key word or
idea carefully
Look for the answer that restates an idea in the
passage
Eliminate the definitely wrong answer and choose
the best answer from the best answer from the
remaining choices.
How to answer the
question
Skill 4 : Find unstated details
Anda diminta untuk menemukan jawaban yang tidak ada atau tidak dijelaskan,
atau tidak benar sekitar gagasan yang disampaikan dalam bacaan. Artinya, dari 4
pilihan jawaban, tiga diantaranya benar (mencerminkan topik, menguraikan
gagasan utama) dan satu salah
How to identify the
question
Which of the following is NOT stated?
Which of the follwing is NOT mantioned..?
Which of the folowing is NOTdiscussed?
All the of the following are true EXCEPT..
Where to find the answer The answer to these question are found in order in
the passage.
How to answer the
question
Choose a key what in the question.
Scan in the appropriate place in the passage
for the key word (or related idea).
Read the sentence that contains the key word
or idea carefully.
Look for answer that are definitely true
according to the passage.
Choose the answer that is not true or not this
discussed in the passage.
IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY
THE QUESTIONS
It is implied the passage that .....
It can be inferred from the passage that.
It is most likely that .......
What probably happened ....?
WHERE TO FIND
THE ANSWER
The answer to these questions are found in
order in the passage
HOW TO ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS
1. Choose a key word in the question.
2. Scan the passage for the key word (or a
related idea)
3. Carefully read the sentence that contains
the key word.
4. Look for an answer that could be true,
according to that sentence.
TRANSITIONS QUESTIONS
HOW TO IDENTIFY
THE QUESTION
The paragraph preceding the passage
probably
Whati is most likely in the paragraph
following the passage
WHERE TO FIND
THE ANSWER

The answer can generally be found in the
first line of the passage for a preceding
questions. The answer can generally be
found in the last line for a following
questions.
HOW TO ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS
1. Read the first line for a preceding
questions.
2. Read the last line for a following
questions
3. Draw a conclusions about what comes
before or after.
4. Choose the answer that is reflected in
the first or last line of the passage.
Reading Techniques
Scanning

Find the KEY WORD(S)

Locate the key word(s) in the passage.

Read the sentence where the key word(s)
located.
Read also the sentence before and after.


3. Vocabulary questions
a. Pronoun referent

b. Find definitions from structural clues

c. Determine meaning from word parts

SKILL 5 :FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
Dalam reading comprehansion, sesekali muncul pertanyaan yang meminta anda
menentukan siapa atau apa yang dirujuk oleh kata ganti tertentu. Ingat, noun selalu
digunakan lebih dulu dalam kutipan bacaan, setelah itu baru pronoun.
Pronoun Referents
How to identify
the question
The line where the pronoun is located is generally given
in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is
generally found before the pronoun
1. Found the pronoun in the passage. ( The line where
the pronoun can be found is generally stated in the
question)
2. Look for nouns that come before the pronoun.
3. Read the part of the passage before the pronoun
carefully.
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answer and choose the
best answer from the remaining choices.
How to answer
the question
Where to find the
answer
The Pronoun .. in line X refers to which of the
following.
STRUCTURAL CLUES
HOW TO
IDENTIFYTHE
QUESTION
What is ....?
What is the meaning of ....?
What is the true about ....?
TYPES OF CLUES Punctuations : comma, parentheses, chases
Restatement : or, that is, in other words, le.
Examples : such as, for example, e.g
WHERE TO FIND THE
ANSWER
Information to help you determine what
someting means will generally be found after
the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or
the example clue.
HOW TO ANSWER
THE QUESTION
1. Find the word in the passage
2. Locate any structural clues
3. Read the part of the passage after the
structural clue carefully
4. Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and
choose the best answer from the remaining
choices.
VOCABULARY QUESTIONS
CONTAINING DIFFICUT WORDS
Reading Techniques
Key word(s)

Clues lines
Skill 13. Asking about tone,
purpose, or
course

What is tone of the
passage?

What is the authors
purpose in the
passage?

In which course would
this reading be
assigned?

Strategy
1. Skim the passage for
finding out emotion
expressions
(factual,homorous,info)
2. Find the main ideas
and details (to
contrast, illus, give
opinion,blame,etc)
3. Find the main ideas
and pay attention to
repeated words, then
draw conclusion.