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Electronics III

By
Anthony Oware-Agyekum

GTUC TAKORADI CAMPUS
Outline
1. Introduction to Feedback
2. Feedback Amplifier Positive & Negative
3. Basic Feedback Concept
4. Classification of Amplifiers
5. Series Shunt Configuration
6. Shunt Series Configuration
7. Series - Series Configuration
8. Shunt Shunt Configuration
Introduction to Feedback
Feedback is used in virtually all amplifier
system.
Invented in 1928 by Harold Black engineer in
Western Electric Company
methods to stabilize the gain of amplifier
for use in telephone repeaters.
In feedback system, a signal that is proportional
to the output is fed back to the input and
combined with the input signal to produce a
desired system response.
However, unintentional and undesired system
response may be produced.


Feedback System
There are two types of control systems; open -loop and
closed- loop.
More sophisticated arrangements are closed-loop
user inputs the goal to the system
Examples of automatic control
systems:
temperature control using a room
heater


Feedback System
Examples of automatic control
systems:
Cruise control in a car
Feedback System
Examples of automatic control
systems:
Level control in a dam
Feedback System
Feedback Amplifier
Feedback is a technique where a proportion of the output
of a system (amplifier) is fed back and recombined with
input.
Its impossible to think of electronic circuits without some
forms of feedback.








There are 2 types of feedback amplifier:
Positive feedback
Negative feedback


A
|
input output
Positive Feedback
Positive feedback is the process when the
output is added to the input, amplified again,
and this process continues.





Positive feedback is used in the design of
oscillator and other application.

A
|
input output
+
Positive Feedback- Example
In a PA system
get feedback when you put the microphone in
front of a speaker and the sound gets
uncontrollably loud.





Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is when the output is subtracted from the
input.







The use of negative feedback reduces the gain. Part of the
output signal is taken back to the input with a negative sign.




A
|
input output
Negative Feedback- Example
Speed control

If the car starts to speed up above the desired
set-point speed, negative feedback causes
the throttle to close, thereby reducing speed;
similarly, if the car slows, negative feedback
acts to open the throttle






Feedback Development
The block diagram of a basic feedback
amplifier consists of five basic
elements.
These are:
1. Input signals
2. Output signals
3. Sampling Network
4. Comparison or Summing Network.
5. Basic Amplifier
Feedback Amplifier








Basic structure of a single - loop feedback amplifier
Feedback Amplifier
According to the effecting of feedback
Positive feedback increases the signal
that appears at the input of the basic
amplifier
Negative feedback reduces the signal
that appears at the input of the basic
amplifier

Feedback Amplifier
Input Signal:
The signal source is modeled either by a voltage
source Vs in series with a resistance Rs , or by a
current source Is in parallel with a resistance Rs.
Output Signal:
The output can either be the voltage across the load
resistance or the current through it. It is the output
signal that is desired to be independent of the load
and insensitive to parameter variations in the basic
amplifier.
Sampling Network:
The function of the sampling network is to provide a
measure of the output signal, i.e., a signal that is
proportional to the output.
Feedback Amplifier








Basic configuration of a feedback amplifier
This is a signal-flow diagram, and the quantities x represent either voltage or
current signals.
In electronic circuits, part of or all output signal is fed back to input, and
affects the input signal value, which is called feedback
Basic Feedback Concept
The output signal is:
where A is the amplification factor
Feedback signal is
where is the feedback transfer function
At summing node:
Closed-loop transfer function or gain is



c
AX =
o
X
o
X | =
f
X
f i
X X =
c
X
A
A
X
X
i
o
| +
= =
1
f
A
| |
|
1
1 = ~ >>
A
A
then
f
A A
Advantages of Negative
Feedback
1. Gain Sensitivity variations in gain is
reduced.
2. Bandwidth Extension larger than that of
basic amplified.
3. Noise Sensitivity may increase S-N ratio.
4. Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
5. Control of Impedance Levels input and
output impedances can be increased or
decreased.
Disadvantages of Negative
Feedback
1. Circuit Gain overall amplifier gain is reduced
compared to that of basic amplifier.
2. Stability possibility that feedback circuit will
become unstable and oscillate at high
frequencies.

Classification of Amplifiers
Feedback amplifiers are classified into 4
basic categories based on their input
(parameter to be amplified; voltage or
current) & output signal relationships:

Voltage amplifier (series-shunt)
Current amplifier (shunt-series)
Transconductance amplifier (series-series)
Transresistance amplifier (shunt-shunt)
Measurement of the output
voltage & current
Basic elements of feedback
amplifier
Basic Amplifier:
The basic amplifier is one of the important parts of the feedback
amplifier.
The circuit amplifies the difference signal that results from
comparison and this process is responsible for de-sensitivity and
control of the output in a feedback system.
Feedback Configuration
Feedback Configuration
Series:
connecting the feedback signal in
series with the input signal voltage.
Shunt:
connecting the feedback signal in
shunt (parallel) with an input current
source

Series - Shunt Configuration
Series - Shunt Configuration
if
L o
R R <<
then the output of feedback network is an open
circuit;
Output voltage is:
c
V A V
v o
=
feedback voltage is:
o v
V V
fb
| =
By neglecting R
s
due to ;error voltage is:
s i
R R >>
fb i
V =V V
c
v v
v
i
o
vf
A
A
V
V
A
| +
= =
1
where v is closed-loop voltage transfer
function
Series - Shunt Configuration
) (
c c c
| V A V V V
v v fb i
+ = + = V
) 1 (
v v
i
A
V
V
|
c
+
=
) 1 (
v v i
i
i
i
A R
V
R
V
I
|
c
+
= =
) 1 (
v v i
i
i
if
A R
I
V
R | + = =
Input Resistance, R
if

Or

Input current



R
if
with feedback
Output Resistance,
R
of
0 = + = +
x v fb
V V V V |
c c
x v
V V |
c
=
o
v v x
o
v x
i
R
A V
R
V A V
I
) 1 ( |
c
+
=

=
) 1 (
v v
o
x
x
of
A
R
I
V
R
| +
= =
Assume Vi=0 and Vx
applied to output
terminal.

Or

Input current



R
of
with feedback

Series - Shunt Configuration
Series input connection increase input resistance avoid loading effects on the input
signal source.
Shunt output connection decrease the output resistance - avoid loading effects on
the output signal when output load is connected.














Equivalent circuit of shunt - series feedback circuit or
voltage amplifier


Shunt - Series Configuration
Shunt - Series Configuration
Basic current amplifier with input resistance, Ri and an
open-loop current gain, Ai.
Current I
E
is the difference between input signal current
and feedback current.
Feedback circuit samples the output current provide
feedback signal in shunt with signal current.
Increase in output current increase feedback current
decrease error current.
Smaller error current small output current stabilize
output signal.

Shunt - Series Configuration
s i
R R <<
c
I I
i
~
c
I A I
i o
=
o i
I I
fb
| =
fb i
I I + =
c
I
i i
i
i
o
if
A
A
I
I
A
| +
= =
1
if then
then the output is a short circuit; output current
is:
feedback current is:
where i is closed-loop current transfer
function
Input signal current:
) (
c c c
| I A I I I
i i fb i
+ = + = I
) 1 (
i i
i
A
I
I
|
c
+
=
) 1 (
i i
i i
i i
A
R I
R I V
|
c
+
= =
) 1 (
i i
i
i
i
if
A
R
I
V
R
| +
= =
Input Resistance, R
if
Shunt - Series Configuration

Or


Input current


R
if
with feedback
Output Resistance, R
of
| |
o i i x x
o x i i x x
o i x x
x i
x i fb
R A I V
R I A I V
R I A I V
I I
I I I I
) 1 (
) (
) (
0
|
|
|
|
c
c
c c
+ =
=
=
=
= + = +
( )
i i o
x
x
of
A R
I
V
R | + = = 1
Assume I
i
=0 and I
x
applied
to output terminal.







R
of
with feedback

Shunt input connection decrease input resistance
avoid loading effects on the input signal current source.
Series output connection increase the output resistance
- avoid loading effects on the output signal due to load
connected to the amplifier output.







Equivalent circuit of shunt - series feedback circuit or
voltage amplifier

Shunt - Series Configuration
Series Series Configuration
Series Series Configuration
The feedback samples a portion of the output current and
converts it to a voltage voltage-to-current amplifier.
The circuit consist of a basic amplifier that converts the
error voltage to an output current with a gain factor, A
g

and that has an input resistance, R
i
.
The feedback circuit samples the output current and
produces a feedback voltage, V
fb
, which is in series with
the input voltage, V
i
.
c
V A I
g o
=
o z
I V
fb
| =
fb i
V V + =
c
V
g z
g
i
o
gf
A
A
V
I
A
| +
= =
1
Assume the output is a short circuit, the output current:
feedback voltage is:
where z is a resistance feedback transfer
function
Input signal voltage (neglect Rs=):
Series Series
Configuration
Input Resistance, R
if
) (
c c c
| V A V V V
g z fb i
+ = + = V
) 1 (
g z
i
A
V
V
|
c
+
=
) 1 (
g z i
i
i
i
A R
V
R
V
I
|
c
+
= =
) 1 (
g z i
i
i
if
A R
I
V
R | + = =

Or


Input current


R
if
with feedback
Output Resistance, R
of
| |
o g z x x
o x z g x x
o g x x
x z
x z fb
R A I V
R I A I V
R I A I V
I I
I I I I
) 1 (
) (
) (
0
|
|
|
|
c
c
c c
+ =
=
=
=
= + = +
( )
g z o
x
x
of
A R
I
V
R | + = = 1
Assume I
i
=0 and I
x
applied
to output terminal.







R
of
with feedback

Series Series Configuration
Series Series Configuration
Series input connection increase input resistance
Series output connection increase the output
resistance






Equivalent circuit of series - series feedback circuit
or
voltage amplifier

Shunt Shunt Configuration
The feedback samples a portion of the output voltage
and converts it to a current current-to-voltage
amplifier.
The circuit consist of a basic amplifier that converts the
error current to an output voltage with a gain factor, A
z

and that has an input resistance, R
i
.
The feedback circuit samples the output voltage and
produces a feedback current, I
fb
, which is in shunt with
the input current, I
i
.

Shunt Shunt Configuration
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Assume the output is a open circuit, the output
voltage:
c
I A V
z o
=
feedback voltage
is:
o g
V I
fb
| =
Input signal voltage (neglect Rs=):
fb i
I I + =
c
I
z g
z
i
o
zf
A
A
I
V
A
| +
= =
1
where g is a conductance feedback transfer function
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Input Resistance, R
if
) (
c c c
| I A I I I
z g fb i
+ = + = I
) 1 (
z g
i
A
I
I
|
c
+
=
) 1 (
z g
i i
i i
A
R I
R I V
|
c
+
= =
) 1 (
z g
i
i
i
if
A
R
I
V
R
| +
= =

Or

Input current


R
if
with feedback
Output Resistance, R
of
0 = + = +
x g fb
V V V V |
c c
x g
V V |
c
=
o
z g x
o
z x
i
R
A V
R
V A V
I
) 1 ( |
c
+
=

=
) 1 (
z g
o
x
x
of
A
R
I
V
R
| +
= =
Assume Vi=0 and Vx
applied to output
terminal.

Or
Input current


R
of
with feedback

Equivalent circuit of shunt - shunt feedback circuit or
voltage amplifier
Shunt Shunt Configuration
Input and output Impedances
Summary
1. For a series connection at input or
output, the resistance is increased by
(1+|A).
2. For a shunt connection at input or output,
the resistance is lowered by (1+|A).
Feedback Amplifier
Feedback Amplifier
Questions
1. Explain a feedback amplifier with the
help of a block diagram.
2. A feedback amplifier has an open
loop gain of 800 and feedback factor
of b=0.01, find the closed loop gain
with negative feedback

THANK YOU

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