1 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.

2004
UMTS
Network Architecture
3 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Module topics
Introduction to UMTS Release 99
architecture
Radio Access Network
User Equipment
Core Network
UMTS network management solutions
Review questions
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Objectives 1(2)
After completing this module the student will be
able to:
Identify and list the network subsystems of
Release 99
Identify and list the requirements of UMTS
mobile terminals
Briefly explain the network elements used in
Release 4
List and identify the network elements used
within the radio access network (RAN), in terms
of the name and function
Briefly explain how base station sites are
selected and describe the different cellular
transmission solutions available

cont.
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Objectives 2(2)
Identify the main functions of the Nokia RNC
List and identify the network elements used within
the core network in terms of the name and
function within the context of Release 99
List and identify the need for comprehensive
network management in UMTS. With the help of
the material, identify the framework of the Nokia
NetAct solution
without using any references (if not otherwise
stated).
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Combined GSM/UMTS Rel. 99 PLMN
CN (Core Network)
NMS (Network Management Subsystem)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
common
cs & ps
network
elements
network
elements
for service
groups
UTRAN
(UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access
Network)
GERAN
(GSM EDGE
Radio Access
Network)
new
enhanced
GSM
core
network
7 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
UMTS Rel. 99 Core Network
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain
packet switched (ps) domain
common
cs & ps
network
elements
GERAN
UTRAN
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR EIR
AC
GGSN SGSN
PSTN/
ISDN
corp.
network
WAP
PDN
IP-
backbone
CG
Billing
Centre
BG
Inter-PLMN
Network
8 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004

- subscriber profile (temporary)
- location information (e.g. LAI)
- subscriber identifier (e.g. IMSI, TMSI)
CS-Domain Network entities

Exchange specific functions:
- switching
- signalling evaluation
- operational tasks
(alarms, CDR generation, statistics)


Mobile communication specific
functions
- Interrogation of HLR


Mobile communication specific functions
- mobility management
- mobile specific connection management
- interaction with HLR and VLR
- interaction with GERAN/UTRAN
- transcoding (UMTS only)

Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC)
Gateway
Mobile services Switching Centre (GMSC)

Exchange specific functions:
- switching
- signalling evaluation
- operational tasks
(alarms, CDR generation, statistics)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)
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Common CS- & PS Domain Network
Entities
Home Location Register (HLR)
semi-permanent subscriber
profile
location information
Authentication Centre (AuC)
generates subscriber related data for
USIM VPLMN mutual
authentication
ciphering
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
verification of User Terminal/mobile
equipment
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PS-Domain Network entities
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Network Access Control
(authentication, authorisation,
admission control, CDR collection,
operator determined barring)
Packet Routing & Transfer
(relay, routing, address translation &
mapping, encapsulation, tunnelling)
Mobility Management
Gateway GPRS Support Node
(GGSN)
Network Access Control
(CDR collection, screening)
Packet Routing & Transfer
(relay, routing, address
translation & mapping,
encapsulation, tunnelling)
Mobility Management
Border Gateway (BG)
For secure inter-
PLMN connection
Charging Gateway Function (CGF)
intermediate between SGSN/GGSN
and billing centre
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Network architecture of Rel 4
Separation of control plane from user plane, simpler and
more efficient
Statistical multiplexing gain and convergence with PS
core as ultimate aim
More efficient transmission reduces costs this allowing
more complex services to be offered
Evolutionary phase towards Release 5 which in turn will
offer even more advanced services
GERAN implementation
Implementation of Rel4 starts already 2002-2003, but
most of the implementations can be anticipated in live
networks starting from approximately the year 2005.
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Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
HLR
MSC-
Server
GMSC-
Server
CS-
MGW
CS-
MGW
UTRAN
GERAN
PSTN, ISDN,
PLMN, etc.
CSE
CAP CAP
Iu
Iu
A
A
D C
Nc
Nb
Mc
(H.248)
Mc
(H.248)
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Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
HLR
MSC-
Server
GMSC-
Server
CS-
MGW
CS-
MGW
UTRAN
GERAN
PSTN, ISDN,
PLMN, etc.
CSE
CAP CAP
Iu
Iu
A
A
D C
Nc
Nb
Mc
(H.248)
Mc
(H.248)
Call control (MOC, MTC)
VLR functionality
UE-network signalling
Network-network signalling
Interaction with cs-MGW
CDR generation
Interrogation of HLR
Network-network signalling
Interaction with cs-MGW
CDR generation
Bearer control
Bearer channel termination
Media conversion
Payload processing
Mobile specific functions
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UMTS Release 4: GERAN
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
RNC
Node B
Node B
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Uu
BSC
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSS
2G
SGSN
Iu-g
Iu-g
Um
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UMTS Release 5 IMS Overview (Roaming user
example)
HSS
MRF
S-CSCF
SGSN
I-CSCF
GGSN
P-CSCF
IMS
IMS
Other IP/IMS
network
RAN
Home network
Visited network
IMS- IP multimedia system
Proxy-call state control function
Interrogating-call state control function
Serving-call state control function
Home subscriber server
Multimedia Resource function
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UMTS Rel. 99: UTRAN
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC Radio Network Controller
UE User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + Universal SIM (USIM)
RNC
Node B
Node B
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
UE
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Iur-Interface & Soft Handover
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs)
domain
packet
switched (ps) domain
3G
MSC/VLR
3G
SGSN
UTRAN
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC Radio Network Controller
UE User Equipment = Mobile Equipment (ME) + UMTS SIM (USIM)
RNC
Node B
Node B
(RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
I can be
connected to
several cells
simultaneously
Duplication of DL traffic,
selection of UL traffic
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Radio Network Controller Tasks &
Functions

WCDMA radio resource management
incl. Radio resource management of
channel configurations,
traffic and control channels, handovers,
power control.
Telecom functionality
incl. Location & connection management,
ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management,
ATM switching and multiplexing
Maintenance
incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration
Operation
incl. RNC and Node B parameter
modification

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Iub Interface
ATM
Uu Interface
WCDMA
Cellular Transmission management
Managing ATM switching and multiplexing
over the Iub interface. Control of AAL2/AAL5
connections. Control of the physical
transmission interfaces E1, PDH, SDH or
microwave.
Air Interface management.
Controlling Uplink and Downlink
radio paths on the Uu Air
Interface. Baseband to RF
conversion. Antenna multi-
coupling.
O&M Processing.
Interfacing with NMS
and RNC for alarm and
control (Operations and
Maintenance) functions.
Radio Channel functions.
Logical to physical channel
mappings. Encoding/Decoding
Spreading/Despreading user
traffic and signalling.

RNC
Node B Tasks & Functions
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Area type Dense
Urban
Urban Suburb Rural
Speech 92 93 95 95 %
144 kb/s NRT 85 85 85 85 %
GSM1800 speech 85 85 85 85 %
Cell range 1 1.6 2.3 5.2 km
Factors affecting cell size include:

Frequency band - 2000MHz
much higher than GSM networks.
Max coverage is 6km.

Traffic types - WCDMA user data
rates drop off as the user moves
further away from the Node B

User levels - Demand for mobile
services will increase, leading to
much greater user densities

Fast Data
Users
Voice and
Slow Data
Users
average projected coverage of nodeB compared with GSM 1800 cell
WCDMA Cell Coverage
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Voice traffic
Data Traffic
Soft Capacity
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

p
e
r

c
e
l
l

p
e
r

c
a
r
r
i
e
r

800kbps L1 rate
50 Erlang
More Voice Users Traffic Mix More Data Users
100% 50% 0%
Load per carrier
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
e
r

"Safe area"
Once Output Power Level
on Uplink passes the Safe
Area limit, the WCDMA air
interface becomes
unstable. Load per carrier
must be kept below this
limit
WCDMA Cell Capacity
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HSDPA Release 5
(High Speed Downlink packet Access)
AMC, (adaptative modulation and coding)
16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation used in good radio
link conditions
Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ) as error
detection mechanism provides efficient retransmissons
support for services requiring high data rates in
downlink, e.g. Internet browsing and video on demand.
High data rates up to 10Mbit/s
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WLAN and UMTS
WLAN use examples
Hotels
Business travelers make full use of their hotel stay by getting broadband access.
Airport lounges
Airports offer considerable potential traffic and have good publicity value.
Business parks and campus areas
Mobile broadband access made available to roaming users and those with no access to a corporate network or
other networks.
Corporate buildings and meeting rooms
access in meeting rooms and other shared venues.
Exhibition and convention centres
access to the information needed for presentations
Enhance mobile data services
Wireless LAN is being standardized by the IEEE
11 Mbit/s between a terminal and an access point.
With more advanced modulation technology to give data rates up to 54 Mbit/s.
Encryption of the air interface defined
2G SIM and 3G USIM cards can be used for authentication
3GPP Rel. 6 includes wireless LAN for use with cellular networks
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User Equipment
User Terminal
User Equipment (UE)
+
USIM
Uu
Node B
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Mobile concepts - sample
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Terminal evolution & wireless protocols
dual mode
requirement
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UE FDD power classes
WCDMA FDD Power Class
Maximum output
power
Tolerance
Power class 1 33dBm (2W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 2 27dBm (0.5W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 3 24dBm (0.25W) +1dB/-3dB
Power class 4 21dBm (0.125W ) +/-2dB
GSM 900 Maximum output power
Power class 1 43dBm (20W) only used in GSM Phase 1
Power class 2 39dBm (8W)
Power class 3 37dBm (5W)
Power class 4 33dBm (2W)
Power class 5 29dBm (0.8W)
Note: The maximum output power of FDD PCs 2 till 4 is smaller compared to GSM because of continuous
transmission instead of non-continuous transmission of GSM. The maximum transmission power
determines the cell radius.

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UMTS / Universal SIM
Own processor and memory
Two types of data:
Specified data
Subscriber dependent
Featuring:
Two name fields per entry
Multiple phone numbers per entry
Support of e-mail address
User definable groupings
Call details
USIM security
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Nokia hardware platform
IPA2800
Nokia IP
DX200
HP/SUN
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Nokia's interface to the platform
NEMU - Network Element Management Unit
Future NED
BTS Tools
Nokia Online Services
NetAct
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Nokia Core network in Release 99
Operator IP network
Packet core
Iu-PS
HLR

GGSN
CG
BG
DNS

Firewall
Mobility Core
2G
SGSN
RAN
2G
MSC

RNC
3G
SGSN

MGW
BSC
Iu-CS
A
Gb
NMS
PSTN
PSTN
PSTN
Internet
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Mobile Switching Centre
33 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
MSCi architecture
DOCUMENTTYPE
TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere
TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere
OMU
TGFP
CDSU GSW
BSS
NSS
X.25 or
LAN to
OMC and
SMS
PSTN
VLRU CM CMU CCMU STU CHU
ET
ECET
CLS
PABX
ECET
ET
VDU
and
LPT
VDU
and
LPT
PAU BSU MFSU BDCU M
LAN LAN
CASU CCSU
MB
LAN
EXT. SYNC.
VANG
OMU - Operation and Maintenance Unit
Centralised supervision, alarms, recovery. System software
CHU/STU - Charging/Statistical Units
Generation/storage of CDRs/measurement data storage
VLRU - Visitor Location Register Unit
Storage of temporary subscriber information
CM - Central Memory
Tariffing, signalling, routing and configuration data
CCMU - Common Channel signalling Management Unit
Signalling management functions for CCS7 (SS7)
BDCU - Basic Data Communications Unit
Communication links to O&M, SMSC, Billing Centre
ET - Exchange Terminal
Electrical synchronisation, adaptations of external PCM line
GSW - Group Switch
The actual switching network of the MSCi
M - Marker
Controls the Group Switch
CASU, PAU, BSU, MFSU, CCSU
Signalling units supporting different types of protocols
CLS - Clock System unit
Clock signals for synchronisation
CDSU - Compact Data Service Unit
Enables Circuit Switched data, modem pools, rate adaptation
TGFP - Tone Generator Field Programmable
Generates DTMF signals
ECET - Echo Cancelling and Exchance Terminal
Same as ET, but with echo cancelling capability
CMU - Cellular Management Unit
Cellular radio network and CDSU control
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IP Bypassing (optional topic)
Inter-MSC traffic routed through an IP-based data network
instead of trunk lines.
Main benefits:
Cost savings when data connections are cheaper than
PCM links.
Synergies with operator's other activities, e.g. only one
inter-city IP network.
Enables integration and optimisation of IP network and
PCM link based transmission.
Integrated solution enables common operation and
management with GSM network and the gateway.
All applications, like mobile transmission and video data,
can use the same network.
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MGW for MSC
Iu-CS
PSTN/
Transit
network
TDM
Nokia 3G MSC
DX 200 MSC
STM-1
MGW
RNC
ATM
PCM
Main functions of MGW:
ATM/TDM conversion
Iu/A signalling conversion between narrowband and broadband
CCS7
Transcoding
40 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Block diagram of the MGW for 3G-MSC
CACU (Control and Administrative Computer Unit). Controls
switching fabric units (SFU) based on inputs from Interface
Signalling Units (ISUs).
CM (Central Memory). Central data storage, distribution facility,
CCS7 signalling handling (e.g. digit ananlysis).
ISU (Interface Signalling Unit). CN emulation and signalling
emulation towards the MSC.
NEMU (Network Element Management Unit). Local user
interface, inter-face towards higher level network management.
Some O&M functions.
OMU (Operation and Maintenance Unit). System software, O&M
functions, etc.
SPMU (Signal Processing Management Unit). Control allocation
of MGW for 3G-MSC's digital signalling processors.
TCU (Transcoding Unit). Performs the actual conversion
between different AMR speech formats and PCM, and vice
versa.
SFU (ATM Switching Fabric Units). Switches the calls processed
by the exchange.
MXU (Multiplexer Units). Connects network interface units,
computer units & signal processing units to the main switch
fabric.
A2SU (AAL2 Switching Units). Ensures efficient transport of
information with limited transfer delay for units connected to the
main switch fabric.
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Media Gateway:
5120 transcoding channels
8 RNCs
IPA 2800 platform
Iu-CS interface
MSCi:
Simultaneous support for UMTS (A')
and GSM (A) traffic
600 000 BHCA
16 700 Erlangs
600 000 subscribers +
200 000 telemetric subscriber
100% IN/SCE traffic support
Nokia 3G MSC & MGW - Summary
Iu-CS
PSTN/
Transit
network
TDM
Nokia 3G MSC
DX 200 MSC
STM-1
MGW
RNC
ATM
PCM
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DX 200 HLRi
O M U
G S W
X.25 or
LAN to
OMC and
SMS
MSC
S T U
E T
C L S
HLR
E T
VDU
and
LPT
VDU
and
LPT
C M M C C S U B D C U
A C U D B D U H L R U E M U
E I R U
MB
LAN
43 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia HLRi capacities
1 200 000 subscribers + 400 000 telemetric subscribers
AuC capacity 2.4 million subscribers
EIR with:
4 million entries in the black list (up to 1 000 IMEIs/entry)
4 million entries in the grey list (up to 1 000 IMEIs/entry)
200 000 entries in the white list (up to 1 000 000
IMEIs/entry)
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Mobile Number Portability Solution
(SRRi)
The Service Routing
Register is to remove
excess signalling and
complex databases and
routing, by managing the
address of each
subscriber.
SRRi
Database
HLR HLR
MSC SGSN
MSISDN1 - rerouting info
MSISDN2 - rerouting info
.
.
1



Other
networks
In some countries,
the law states that
subscribers must
be able to keep
their number if
they change the
operator.
45 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
SRRi architecture
GSW
CCSU CMM BDCU
SRRU OMU
X.25 or LAN
to OMC
and SMS
MESSAGE BUS
ET
CLS
MSC
HLR
VDU and LPT
ET
STU
LAN LAN
DBDU
LAN LAN
VDU and LPT
46 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Packet switched core network overview
Router
SGSN
BG
Legal
Interception
Gateway
Domain
Name
Server
Border
Gateway
Serving GPRS
Support Node
CG
GGSN
Firewall
Gateway
GPRS
Support Node
Local
Area NW
Server
Charging
Gateway
Corporate
DNS
2G & 3G
GPRS Backbone
IP Network
Internet
GSM BSS or
3G RAN
Inter-PLMN
Network
Intranet
47 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
3G-SGSN & GGSN
The 3G-SGSN & GGSN are built on the IP Platform
(2G-SGSN uses the Nokia DX200 Platform).
Power supplies
Cooling fans
Cable guides
Processor units on
2 trays
1
1
9
3

In UMTS some of the
functionality needed in the
2G-SGSN is now included as
functions in the RNC.
The 3G-SGSN is a compact
unit.
48 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
System structure of Nokia 3G-SGSN
Iu
Gn
Internal maintenance bus
Gr, Gf, Gd
E1/T1
SMM Unit
Mobility Management
Session Management
Signalling
ATM
STM-1
100 BaseTx
1000 BaseT
Forwarding
Unit
Central Route
Processor Unit
O&M
Routing
Tunnelling
Unit
E1/T1
SS7
Unit
ATM
STM-1
50 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Capacity
Max number of subscribers: 300 000
Throughput and number of connections:
900 Mbps and 200 000 PDP contexts OR
600 Mbps and 600 000 PDP contexts
(512 byte packet size)
Connection attempts: 600 PDP procedures per
second
300 000 SMS messages per hour
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Interfaces of 3G-SGSN
3G SGSN
3G SGSN 3G SGSN
Gn
Gr
Gf
Gd
3G Core Network
(HPLMN)
HLR & AUC
EIR
SMSC
Iu
Gp 3G Core Network
(VPLMN)
RNC
NMS
CG
Ga
52 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Other packet core network elements
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node)
Nokia version based on IP650 or IP740 routers
Release 2, IP650: 150 000 PDP contexts
100 Mbps (1400 byte packets)
Release 2, IP740: 1 million PDP contexts
400 Mbps (1400 byte packets)
Both can interact with 2G-SGSN and 3G-SGSN
BG (Border Gateway)
Router to Inter-PLMN data network
DNS (Domain Name Server)
Access point name IP address of correct GGSN
CG (Charging Gateway)
LIG (Legal/Lawful Interception Gateway)
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Nokia FlexiFamily
High-availability carrier-grade server platform
Linux based
Nokia IP Multimedia Subsystem servers based on Nokia
FlexiServer
Nokia FlexiGateway a carrier-grade gateway platform and the
future basis for network user-plane functions such as packet
routing and processing
Nokia FlexiGateway, with specially designed content-aware
provisioning extensions, will gradually complete the
implementation of the All-IP architecture
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Nokia IP Multimedia Core Solution (simplified)
HLR
MSC/
MSS
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
CG
LIG
BG
DNS
IMR
CPS
GERAN/
UTRAN
MPC
MGW
IP Multimedia core
IP multimedia Registers
Connection processing server
55 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Traffic on PoC Network
SGSN
PAPU
units
BSC
PCU
units
BTS
GGSN
With PoC
APN
GPRS
backbone
network
Customer Care and
Billing
Provisioning
Network Management
WEB based
Management
Provisioning
Self provisioning
PoC Call
Processors

PoC Register
LDAP parameter
management
GPRS
Green elements required for PoC
IP layer
Service management
Radio access
layer
architecture
Consumers
Access Control
& Enterprise
Connectivity
HTTP human interface Communication
Parameters
(timers)
CDR
parameters
SUN
Operator Data Center
Enterprises
System
Parameters
Sub System
Server
Parameters
Radio
interface
management
Packet Core management
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Radio Network Controller

Radio network supervision
Radio resource
management
Mobility management
Support open interfaces Iu &
Iur
Flexible and modular
platform in Nokia's version
Height 1.8m
Width 0.6m
Depth 0.6m
64 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
RNC architecture
DMCU
GTPU
TCP/IP
NEMU
OMU
RSMU
RRMU
ICSU
SFU
MXU
A2SU
RESOURCE AND SWITCH
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- RNC wide functions
- ATM switch management
- DSP resource management
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
NIU
NIU
NETWORK INTERFACE UNIT
Functions:
- Physical layer functions
- ATM layer functions
- IU, IUR, IUB
Characteristics:
- No redundancy
AAL2 SWITCHING UNIT
Functions:
- AAL2 minipacket processing
Characteristics:
- SN+1 redundant
Functions:
- Macrodiversity combining
- Outer loop power control
- RLC, MAC, PDCP functions
- Ciphering
Characteristics:
- ~6000 MIPS
- SN+1 redundant
DATA AND MACRODIVERSITY
COMBINING UNIT
NETWORK ELEMENT
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- Graphical user interfaces
- Key Perfomance Indicators
- NMS interface
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- No redundancy
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE UNIT
Functions:
- O&M functions
- RNW database
- recovery functions
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
TIMING AND HARDWARE
MANAGEMENT BUS UNIT
Functions:
- RNC syncronization
- HW management
Characteristics:
- TSS3 RNC level
- TBUF subrack level
- 2n redundant
TBU
Functions:
- UDP/IP termination
- GTP forwarding
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- SN+1 redundant
GPRS TUNNELING PROTOCOL UNIT
RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT UNIT
Functions:
- RNC wide radio resource
management functions
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- 2n redundant
MULTIPLEXER UNIT
Functions:
- Multiplexing towards SFU
Characteristics:
- 622 Mbit/s towards SFU
- 2n redundant
SWITCHING FABRIC UNIT
Functions:
- ATM Switching
Characteristics:
- 8 switching ports
- 5 Gbit/s
- 2n redundant
INTERFACE CONTROL AND
SIGNALLING UNIT
Functions:
- L3 protocol functions
- RANAP, RNSAP, NBAP
- RRC
Characteristics:
- Pentium based
- RN+1 redundant
65 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Radio Network Controller site solution
1 2
3
4
5
Scalable traffic capacity in 5 steps
48 - 196 Mbit/s nominal capacity
Any traffic mix of voice and data
Redundant structure
1800
mm
600
mm
600 + 600
mm
66 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
RNC Capacities
DOCUMENTTYPE
TypeUnitOrDepartmentHere
TypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere
RNC (prerelease version) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of subscribers 40000 80000 120000 160000 200000
Busy Hour Call Attempts 33000 66000 99000 132000 165000
Erlangs 1100 2200 3300 4400 5500
Throughput Mbits/sec 26 52 78 104 130
Number of carriers 256 384 512 640 768
Number of BTSs 85 128 170 213 256
High Capacity RNC 1 2 3 4 5
Number of subscribers 73000 130000 186000 240000 300000
Busy Hour Call Attempts 40500 81500 122000 163000 204000
Erlangs 1300 2700 4000 5400 6800
Throughput Mbits/sec 48 85 122 159 196
Number of carriers 384 576 768 960 1152
Number of BTSs 128 192 256 320 384
67 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Base station sites:
Macrocell sites
Microcell sites
Picocell sites
Nokia WCDMA base station solution
68 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
What is the difference between
site, cell and sector?
A site is a physical
cabinet with
carriers/TRXs.
A site may have one or
more cells.
Cells that belong to a site
with more than one cell
are usually referred to as
a sector.
WCDMA
- 1 carrier
= 5MHz GSM
- 1 TRX ~ 7 traffic
channels
Different frequencies
69 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
GSM/WCDMA solution
Co-located sites
70 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004

GSM+EDGE
part


WCDMA
part

Nokia WCDMA Tri-
mode UltraSite
WCDMA configuration:
1+1+1. 5W
2+2+2. 2W
BTS capacity: max. 10 Mbits/s per
cabinet
Other features:
Either 12 GSM/EDGE transceivers
or
6 GSM/EDGE and 3 WCDMA
carriers
(6 in Release 2)
71 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia WCDMA UltraSite solution
Indoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima
Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Optima Compact

Outdoor
Nokia UltraSite
WCDMA BTS
Supreme

Indoor Outdoor
6 TRX 6 TRX +site support 12 TRX
72 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Site support
Site support units can
contain batteries in
case of main failure,
transmission
equipment, and more.
Batteries
3rd party transmission
73 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia MetroSite solution
Nokia MetroHub
--- Transmission Node
Battery Backup
Nokia MetroHopper Radio
Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio
Nokia MetroSite EDGE
Base Station
900/1800 MHz GSM,
EDGE networks
Nokia MetroSite
WCDMA Base Station
2 GHz WCDMA
networks
Co-locating GSM &
WCDMA BTS
74 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia WLAN technology
80 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Which solution to use?
Student Exercise:
Imagine that you had to build a site. Which of the following
would you take into account when selecting the Node B?
a) Which is the easiest and cost-effective way to add the site to
the network?
b) How many sites will cover the area?
c) The expected number of subscribers in the area?
d) The amount of power that the site will transmit on?
e) Where the Node B will be positioned; will people see it or
shall only the antenna be visible?
f) The amount of space available for the site?
g) The expected capacity that the site should carry?
81 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Transmission
Sites are connected
together in different
ways to optimise
cost, whilst assuring
the best quality and
redundancy.

The links can be
wire, optical or radio
microwave links.
RNC
IU
IUr
BSC
MSC
A
AXU
Multiplexer eg MetroHub
3G BTS
2G BTS
ATM cross
connect unit
82 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
What do base station sites look like?
Base station sites can be found in many
different places and in different forms.
The sites are connected together in
different ways.
X-pol. antennas
Site support Base Station
FlexiHopper
UltraHoppers
MetroHoppers
83 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Packet / cell based transmission
48 octets (bytes) of payload, 5 octets of header per
packet (ATM cell)
Examples of physical interfaces:
STM-1
E1
Ethernet
85 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Management of 3G/UMTS networks
The past decade has seen an
increase in the type and
number of network elements.
This has lead to more
complex networks.
93 99 95 97 2002
MSC
BSC
BTS
MSC
BSC
BTS
BTS(D)
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
WAP GW
GIO
xDSL
RAN
BRAN
WLAN
PKI
CPS
NCC
Profiler
GGSN
BG
MSC
BSC
BTS
PDH
SDH
FSC
SCP
SMSC
SGSN
WAP GW
GIO
EDGE
UTRAN
IPTGW
HSS
IGSN
Appl
Servers
MMSC
MAX
3G BTS
WAP PPG
WTA server
RAN
xDSL
Chat
server
Business
Mgmt
Business
Mgmt
Service
Management
Service
Management
Network
Management
Network
Management
Network Element
Management
Network Element
Management
Network Elements
Network Elements
3GPP is focusing on Network and
Service Management layers to establish
3G operation support standard.
Network element management tasks
on a single element.
Network management tasks on many
elements at the same time.
86 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia NetAct Solution
Business
Management
Systems
Service
Management
Systems
Network
Management
Systems
Element
Management
Systems
Functions of Service management systems:
Take care of subcriber data
Provision services and subscribers
Collect and rate, bill offered services
Create, promote and monitor services
Network management system (NMS):
Collect information from the underlying networks
and pre/post-process the raw data
Analyse and distribute information
Optimise network capacity and quality
Element management systems (EM):
EMs are part of the NE (RNC, BTS, AXC,etc.)
functionality
Monitor the functioning of the equipment
Collect raw data (performance indicators)
Local GUI provided for site engineers
Mediate towards the NMS system
MIS
Planning
System
BTS
BTS
AXC
RNC
NE x
NE y
CCB
NE = network element, CCB = customer care and
billing, MIS = management information system
NMS
87 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia NetAct frame structure
Workflow Manager
Reporter
Administrator
3rd Party Tools
Rating &
Charging
Planner
Configurator &
Provisioning
Monitor
Service Quality
Manager
Unified Mediation
and Adaptation
Network
Common network
typology
Common WEB GUI
88 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Nokia network management tools
Ueno 1-1 Shinj uku 1 Shinj uku 2 Otemachi 1
RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC
Ikebukur o 1-1
Tokyo ar ea- north
Megur o 1-1 Tokyo 2-1 Shibya 1- 1 Tokyo 1-1
RNC RNC RNC RNC RNC
Shibya 2- 1
Tokyo ar ea- south
NMS
termi nal
print er
Power
Vent.
RNC sit e17
Mar unouchi bldg
7F
Mar unouchi 1-2-3
Chioda-ku
site manager :
Sato Akiyoshi
tel: 090 4002 8196
NMS site
BTS Local
Management Tool
BTS site
89 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Monitoring
The monitoring of alarms involve collecting alarms and
statistics to identify problems in the network.
Problem detection
Problem
identification Problem handling
Verification
90 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Radio network planning & development
Radio Access
Network
Radio network
planning tool
Nokia TOTEM
3rd party
planning
tool
Planning
Interface
Plan management in NMS
Plan
Repository
Plan
Modification
Radio
network
planning
Plan
Provisioning
NMS provides
a Web Site for
RNW plans:
l storage
l edit
l download,
activate &
rollback
l upload actual
configuration
Intranet
RNW plan
in XML
format
RNC
BTS
BTS
BTS
ATM
Module
91 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Summary of Nokia network evolution
92 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Release 3 ('99) Architecture
Fiber
Fiber
DXC
MWR
TDM Access
RAN Mobility Core
Control Plane
Gateway Plane
2G
SGSN
3G
SGSN

GGSN
Application Platforms
Internet Gateway
Multimedia Messaging
e-mail
Game platform
Nokia
Charging
Center
Nokia
Charging
Gateway

RNC
BSC
HLR
3G
MSC
NMS
Internet
PSTN
GSM BTS
Triple
Mode
BTS
WCDMA BTS
UTRAN - WCDMA air interface
Enhanced core network functionality
New service architecture
93 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Bearer Independent Call Control (Rel. 4)
Rel.99
UTRAN - WCDMA air
interface
Enhanced core network
functionality
New service architecture
Rel.4
Separation of control plane
from user plane, simpler and
more efficient
Statistical multiplexing gain
and convergence with PS core
as ultimate aim
More efficient transmission
reduces costs this allowing
more complex services to be
offered
Evolutionary phase towards
Release 5 which in turn will
offer even more advanced
services
GERAN implementation
94 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
3GPP Release 5 architecture
Rel.99
UTRAN - WCDMA air interface
Enhanced core network functionality
New service architecture
Rel.4
Separation of control plane from user
plane, simpler and more efficient
Statistical multiplexing gain and
convergence with PS core as ultimate
aim
More efficient transmission reduces
costs this allowing more complex
services to be offered
Evolutionary phase towards Release 5
which in turn will offer even more
advanced services
GERAN implementation
Rel.5
IP Multimedia Subsystem
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
IP transport in the core network
IP transport in UTRAN
End to end IP services
Simpler service integration due to
simplified protocol stacks
Easy integration and enabling of instant
messaging,
precence information and real time
conversation services
95 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review 1/9
G
n
G
I
Nokia
2G/3G
GGSN
Nokia
BSC
Nokia
2G
SGSN
G
n
TC-
SM
A
ter
PSTN
PSTN PSTN
Internet
Internet Internet
Abis
GSM/EDGE
BTS
Gb
A
MSC
MGW
3G-SGSN
IU-PS
IU-CS
RNC
Node B /
WCDMA BTS
IUr
IUb Uu
96 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (2/9)
2. Which of the following information is not kept on the SIM?
a) IMSI number
b) SMS messages
c) Network information (that is, location area)
d) Time and date
3. Which of the following alternatives include radio access
specifications (more than one)?
a) GSM
b) IP
c) EDGE
d) UTRAN
97 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (3/9)
4. Which of the following alternatives are NOT functions of
the base station?
a) Speech coding
b) Transmission of signal
c) Modulation
d) Charging data generation


5. TRUE or FALSE?
Batteries are used at a site as an alternative source of
energy for the BTS in case of a power failure.
98 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (4/9)
6. What configuration is this?
a) A distant star
configuration
b) A tail configuration
c) A loop configuration
d) A chain configuration
e) None of the above

99 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (5/9)
7. If we say that the BTS is a 2+2+2, what does it mean?
a) There are 3 locations where we can find 2 sites.
b) A single site is divided into 3 cells, each with 2
TRXs/carriers.
c) A single site is divided into 2 cells, each with 3
TRXs/carriers.
d) A TRX/carrier is divided into 3 time slots.

8. The Iur interface is used between two RNCs. What is the
purpose of this interface?
a) There is no use for this interface.
b) It is used for soft handovers.
c) It is used to transfer software files.
d) It is used when a RNC has a hardware failure.
100 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (6/9)
9. Which of the following is NOT a function of the RNC?
a) Management of radio channels
b) Power control
c) Handover control
d) Charging

10. Which of the following are NOT elements of the core
network?
a) MSC
b) HLR
c) GGSN
d) BTS
101 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (7/9)
11. In which elements is the coding/decoding of speech
performed?
a) Mobile and BTS
b) Mobile and RNC
c) Mobile and Multimedia Gateway (MGW)
d) Mobile and HLR

12. Which of the following are functions of the 3G-SGSN?
a) Protocol conversion between RAN and IP
b) Charging information generation
c) Radio channel allocation
d) Authentication of a mobile

102 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (8/9)
13. What is the principle aim of IP Telephony?
a) To fully use a circuit switched connection
b) To fully use an IP connection
c) To support video services
d) None of the above

14. Which of the following sentences are false?
a) MGW for 3G-MSC contains transcoding function.
b) 2G-SGSN can be upgraded to 3G-SGSN.
c) The existing MSC, HLR will support 3G by SW
upgrade
d) GGSN will be compatible to both 2G and 3G
GPRS network elements by minor SW and HW
upgrade.

103 NOKIA 6-89096 v.2 / 25.10.2004
Review (9/9)
Speech transcoding, signalling conversion, ATM-TDM
conversion

15. What are the main functions of MGW for 3G-MSC?