By

D.SHANKAR




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STRENGTHENING
Strengthening is the process of improving the original
strength to the structure.

Strengthening of member is done by providing poor
quality or defective material by better quality material.

Strengthening is the most common seismic improvement
strategy for buildings with inadequate lateral force resisting
systems




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NEED FOR STRENGTHENING
Damages to structural parts due to aging of construction
materials or fire damages, corrosion of reinforcement.

Errors in construction due to insufficient design dimension
and insufficient reinforcing steel.

Load increases due to higher live loads, increase wheel
loads, installation of heavy machinery.
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Assessment procedure for evaluating the damaged structure
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Physical Inspection
Study of documents
Estimate of load activity
Estimate of environmental effect
Diagnosis
Retrospective analysis
Diagnosis conformed
Assessing of Structural adequacy
Choice of course of action
Load test
Estimate of
future use
yes
No
Material tests
CORROSION
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CORROSION
The corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete is a major
problem faced by the civil engineers and surveyors. Today as
they maintain an ageing infrastructure.
Corrosion is the gradual distraction of material (usually
metals),by chemical reaction with its environment.
Rust staining, corrosion cracks and cover spalling are also
occurred


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RUSTING OF BARS

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CORROSION OF STEEL

Difference in electrical potential occur
+ve ferrous ions (fe++) at anode pass into solution
-ve free ions (e) combines with water and oxygen to form
hydroxyl ion
These combine with ferrous ions to form ferric hydroxide
which is converted to rust.
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DAMAGES DUE TO CORROSION
Loss of strength in the reinforcement.
Formation of brown patches on the concrete surface.
Formation of multiple wide cracks.
Spalling of cover concrete.
Buckling of bars.
Bulging of concrete.

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PROTECTIVE COATING FOR
REINFORCEMENT
Methods of coating
Cement slurry coating.
Phospatic jelly coating.
Epoxy coating.
Plastic coating.
Galvanizing.

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CEMENT SLURRY COATING
Cement slurry coating provides short-term protection until
placement of concrete.
Coating is the mixture of cement, silica and polymer.
It is found to be impermeable to water, chlorides and CO
2
.
EPOXY COATING
Epoxy coating is formed by the application of an Epoxy resing
with curing agent,catalysts,pigments and flow control agents.
Epoxy coating provides long term protection against corrosion.
Cost of implementing this method is significantly high
compare to other method of coating.
PLASTIC COATING
Plastic coating is very similar to epoxy coating, the Plastic
coating is very effective in the preventing corrosion of
reinforcement even in high alkaline or chloride contaminated
environment
The reduction in bond between plastic coated bars and the
concrete is quite substaintial.

GALVANIZING
Galvanizing gives the protection to the reinforcement
against corrosion by means of metallic coating( ZINC).
This method reduces the effects of chlorides, but it is not
advisable to use in the highly chloride contaminated
environment.
STRENGTHENING OF BUILDING

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Strengthing techniques
Strengthing can be done by following techniques
Jacketing
Underpinning
Shoring
Resin injection
Epoxy resin


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JACKETING CONCRETE COLUMN
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JACKETING
Jacketing is the process of fastening a durable material
over the concrete and filling the gaps with grout.
The material used for jacketing are metal,rubber
ferrocement, plastic .
when jacket is provided around the periphery of the
column is called collar.
The main function the collar is to transfer the vertical load
to the column
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DISADVANTAGE OF JACKETING
It can damage the existing column
It takes More time consumption.
It is more expansive.
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UNDERPINNING
What is Underpinning?

In construction, underpinning is the process of
strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an
existing building or other structure.

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Underpinning may be necessary for a variety
of reasons
The original foundation is simply not strong or stable
enough.

The usage of the structure has changed.

The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may
have changed .


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STRENGTHENING OF FOUNDATION
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Common methods in underpinning

i)Micropiles ii)Jetgrouting

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SHORING
Shoring is the temporary structure for providing support
and stability during repair and alteration.
Shoring can be used for various circumstance, they are
Alteration are carried out in adjacent building for
remodelling , strengthening of foundation etc..
The stability of structure is endangered due to unequal
settlement during construction
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Types of shoring
Raking or inclined shores
Flying shores
Dead or vertical shores
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SOME OTHER METHODS
This an be achieved
(a) By grouting
(b) By providing wire mesh
(c) By connection between existing stone walls.
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GROUTING
Grouting is a process of group improvement
attained by injecting fluid like material into
subsurface soil or rock.
A number of holes are drilled in the wall,
(2 to 4 m
2
).
First water is injected in order to wash the wall
inside and to improve the cohesion between the
grouted mixture and the wall elements.

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Conti..
Secondly a cement water mixture (1:1) is grouted at low
pressure (0.1 to 0.25 MPa) in the holes starting from the lower
holes and going up.
Alternatively, polymeric mortars may be used for
grouting. The increase of shear strength can be achieved.
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STRENGTHENING WITH WIRE MESH

Two steel meshes (welded wire fabric with an elementary
mesh of approximately 50 x 50 mm) are placed on the two
sides of the wall, they are connected by passing steel each 500
to 750 mm apart.
A 20 to 40 mm thick cement mortar or microconcrete
layer is then applied on the two networks thus giving rise to
two interconnected vertical plates. This system can also be
used to improve connection of orthogonal walls.
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STRENGTHENING OF STONE WALLS



In stone buildings of historic importance consisting of
fully dressed stone masonry in good mortar effective
sewing of perpendicular walls can be done by drilling
inclined holes through them, inserting steel rods and
injecting cement grout.
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STIFFENING OF WOODEN FLOOR BY
WOODEN PLANKS
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