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SOME EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

CONTAMINANTS
By Yusniar Hanani Darundiati, STP, MKes
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG, INDONESIA
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Chemicals of Concern
Pesticides
Mercury
Dioxin
PCBs
Flame Retardants
Bisphenol-A
Phthalates
Perflurocarbons
(etc.)
(routes of exposure)
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Thalidomide
Introduced in 1956 as
sedative (sleeping pill) and
to reduce nausea and
vomiting during pregnancy
Withdrawn in 1961
Discovered to be a human teratogen
causing absence of limbs or limb
malformations in newborns
5000 to 7000 infants effected
Resulted in new drug testing rules
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FAS Child
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Lead In Homes
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Recycling Lead
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Hg Like Water
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Polluting with HG
Discharge in Minamata Bay
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Fetal Effects of MeHg
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Life-Long Effects of MeHg
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Planting Seed with Mercury
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Iraq Mothers with Bread
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Iraq Infant - Effects of Mercury
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Coal Fired Plants Hg Emissions
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Outbreaks of MeHg Poisoning
Place Year Cases
Minamata 1953-60 1000
Nigata 1964-65 646
Guatemala 1963-65 45
Ghana 1967 144
Pakistan 1969 100
Iraq 1956 100
Iraq 1960 1,002
Iraq 1971 40,000
On-going 2001 ???
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Mercury poisoning
Toxic chemicals find way into the womb
Five years ago Molly and
Zachery Gray were in the
midst of a dark, lonely
spiral. It began with
Molly's first miscarriage.
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Toxic Cadmium Prompts Recall of
McDonalds Shrek glasses Tuesday, June 08, 2010
the Consumer Product
Safety Commission (CPSC)
announced a voluntary
recall of those promotional
Shrek Forever After
glasses. 12 million of those
glasses.."
in the Fiona glass, we
detected 1,049 ppm cadmium
in the babys face. I detected
no cadmium in Fionas dress
(at the sleeve) but did find
10,900 ppm chromium.
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What is endocrine disruption ?
Definition of the EU commission (1998):
Exogenic compounds which negatively affect
the health of an intact organism or its offspring
by interference with its endocrine function.
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs)
are environmental chemicals
which directly or indirectly
influence the hormonal system
and may be active at low
concentrations.
Marbuse: The fusion of
Salmakis and Hermaphroditos
(early 16th century)
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Insecticides
Carbaryl
Chlordan
DDT and DDE
Dicofol
Dieldrin
Endosulfan
Lindan
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Oxychlordan
Parathion
Toxaphen
Pyrethroide
Nematicides
Aldicarb
DBCP (1,2-Dibrom-3-chlorpropan)
Fungicides
Benomyl
Fenarimol
Mancozeb
Maneb
Tributyltin compounds (TBT)
Triphenyltin compounds (TPT)
Vinclozolin
Zineb
Herbicides
Alachlor
Amitrol
Atrazin
2,4-Dichlorphenoxy-acetic acid
Metribuzin
Nitrofen
2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxy-acetid acid
Industrial chemicals
Alkylphenols
Bisphenol A
Dioxine (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Pentachlorphenol
Phthalate
Polybromated Biphenyls (PBB)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB)
Suspected endocrine disrupting compounds
(from Oehlmann & Markert, 1997)
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Evidence in vertebrates
Malformations in sexual organs. Examples:
Hemi- and minipenes
in alligators in Florida,
Lake Apopka - caused
by a DDT accident

Feminisation in male fish (ovotestes) in sewage polluted
surface waters in North America and Europe

Masculinisation
(arrhenoidy)
in female carp
downstream of
pulp mills

Masculinisation of female fathead minnows
downstream of animal farms

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Animal evidence surrounds us
Like many other mammals affected by EDCs, otters
from the Lower Columbia River are infertile because
the males penises are too small to mate
Alligators affected by pesticides cannot reproduce
Male fish develop female hormones
In birds, eggshells thin so chicks cannot survive
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EDCs
Drugs such as
birth control pills,
DES, and
cimetidine,
especially in
sewage water
DES, diethylibestrol,
given to mothers to
prevent morning
sickness, caused
genital cancers in their
children 20 years later.
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Definition DES
Synthetic estrogen given as a feed
additive to livestock and prescribed for
pregnant women 1947-1971 to prevent
miscarriages (experiments started in
1942) interferes with normal
development of the reproductive tract
and fertility of sons and daughters

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Plastic Bottles Release Potentially Harmful
Chemicals (Bisphenol A) After Contact With Hot
Liquids

ScienceDaily (Feb. 4, 2008)
When it comes to Bisphenol A (BPA)
exposure from polycarbonate plastic
bottles, it's not whether the container
is new or old but the liquid's
temperature that has the most
impact on how much BPA is
released, according to University of
Cincinnati (UC) scientists.
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BPA, Chemical Used To Make Plastics, Found To Leach
From Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles Into Humans

ScienceDaily (May 22, 2009) A new study
from Harvard School of Public Health
(HSPH) researchers found that participants
who drank for a week from polycarbonate
bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic drinking
bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-
thirds increase in their urine of the chemical
bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in
the manufacture of polycarbonate and other
plastics, has been shown to interfere with
reproductive development in animals and
has been linked with cardiovascular disease
and diabetes in humans.
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Endocrine Disruptors: Babies Absorb the
Most Bisphenol A

ScienceDaily (Apr. 6, 2010) The
hormonally active substance
bisphenol A is contained in many
synthetic and packaging materials.
As a result, the substance can find
its way into the food chain and the
human organism. Just who is
exposed and to what extent is shown
in a new study from ETH Zurich:
babies who are fed with
polycarbonate bottles are especially
at risk.
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KASUS Suginami (TERUNGKAP di tahun 2000)
kawasan pengolahan limbah di pinggiran
kota Tokyo, Jepang - lebih dari 90 senyawa beracun
di sekitar lokasi incinerator

Saksi korban: Keiko Sato, perempuan (67 tahun)

pembengkakan payudara

lonjakan kadar hormon testosteron

tumbuh janggut di dagunya

Pada rambut Sato ditemukan arsen, timbal dan merkuri
dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi.

alarm bagi penggunaan teknologi insinerasi untuk
pengelolaan limbah padat perkotaan
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Girl, 10, is the youngest person in the U.S. to
be diagnosed with breast cancer
Last updated at 11:15 PM on 19th May 2009
Doctors in California said they believe Hannah, who
is at least two years away from typical puberty, is
the youngest person to suffer from breast cancer.

Hannah said: 'How could this happen? I am only ten
years old. I did not even know what cancer was. I
just kept crying and couldn't stop.
Hannah Powell-Auslum,
of La Mirada, California,
has stunned doctors with
her breast cancer
diagnosis
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The Potential of Children
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