RADIO FREQUENCY

IDENTIFICATION(RFID)
TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS
Historical background RFID
Details of RFID
Definition of RFID
Components of RFID
System Categories of RFID
RFID Applications
RFID Adoption Challenge
Advantage and Disadvantages of RFID



Historical Background of
RFID

o RFID that uses a wireless technology for automatic identification of objects
and peoples by using radio waves.
o RFID is a co-ordination of radar and radio broadcast technology.
o Most histories of RFID started during WWW second when friend
identification system used by British radar system .
o After the war In 1948 Harry Stock man introduced concept of passive RFID
in his paper titled with communication by means of reflected power
o During 1980 RFID technology implemented fully
o Wal-Mart the first company for implementing RFID.
o In 1990s RFID standards established .
o 2000s RFID technology improved much more with different features like cost,
security improvements and leads to miniaturization.


Definition of RFID
RFID is a short range radio technology
used to communicate digital information
between stationary location and movable
object or between movable object.
It used for automatic identification of objects
and people .
and allows transmission of data without
contact and line of sight from data medium
or reader.

Components Of RFID
RFID has three main components
Tag
Reader
Antenna
Other components
Middle ware software/application
Data accumulator


What is Tag
Tag is main component of RFID
It contains memory to store and retrieve
information about the object to be tracked by
attaching tags to those objects.
Information in this memory accessed and
modified by radio signal of RFID readers.
Transponders respond to transmitted request
through reader for data it carries.
mode of communication between reader and tag
is wireless communication.


Components of Tag
Tag also contain its own components:
Antenna
Integrated circuit(IC)
Printed circuit board
Inlay



Antenna
Responsible for transmitting and receiving radio
signals.
It used for communication of reader and tag.
It radiates electromagnetic waves generated by
readers and receives signal from tag.
Integrated circuit(IC)
It is a memory in the form of chip
used to transmit tags unique identifier by
receiving power from antenna.
Responds by Backscattering: reader transmit
energy, commands and data to tag which then
responds by backscattering its identification data
back to the reader.


Printed circuit board:
used to hold the chip and tag together.
Inlay:
tag consists of substrate film on which chip
and antenna combined .
they protected by hard tags from external
influences by embedding them with plastic
casings.
It ensures RFID functionality even in rough
environment.

Types of tag



Active tags Passive tags Semi-active Semi-passive
Need power supply
on board such as
battery
have longer read
range
are expensive and
bigger size with larger
memory
have better noise
immunity
more reliable
also called broadcast
own signal (beacons).


need
powered
supply from
RFID readers
range is very
short
cheap and
small
Passive tag
are thinner
than sheet of
paper
contains power
supply on board
Batteries in Semi-
active tags
activated when
tags are
interrogated by
RFID reader
they have longer
read range than
active tags
contains power
supply on board
batteries in
semi-passive
tag only used to
power internal
circuitry
they have
longer read
range than
passive tags.




Depending on type of memory it contains data :
read only,
write once read many and
read or write.
Characteristics Of RFID
ROM based memory
RAM based memory
electrical erasable programmable ROM
(EEPROM)

What Is Reader
is a device which converts radio waves from
RFID tags that can be passed to middle
software.
(managing data flow from readers and end data
to data accumulator, and facilitate data
transfer by performing parity error checking
and correction)
Data accumulator is any device like laptop with
capability to communicate with reader and
accept information from it.
for communicating data to host computer .
Readers can be Hand held , embedded into
mobile data collection device/Fixed reader.
Types of reader:Read-only or Read/write
Antenna
conductor produces radio signals to activate
read and write data on tag.
It is a channel between tag and reader .
Small and invisible.
RFID Applications

Electronic article surveillance systems involve
placing electronic tags on each piece of
merchandise :used on clothing retail
Protection of valuable equipment against theft
Controlled access to vehicles, parking areas and
fuel facility
Automated toll collect for roads and bridge
Animal husbandry for identification
Vehicle anti-theft systems and car immobilizer
Sport time recording
Identification of product variants and process
control in flexible system


Advantages of RFID

RFID technology permits no line sight of reading.
They provide high degree of security and product authentication.
Tag triggers alarm if they removed from correct location.
Automatic scanning data logging is possible without operator
intervention.
They can be read-only or read-write.
RFID devices doesnt need to be positioned precisely
Robustness and reliability under difficult environmental
conditions, i.e. these tags can be read through water, snow,
concrete, bricks, plastic, wood, etc
Fully automated data captured and analysis system.
Traffic congestion is avoided.
Difficult in duplicating, high degree of security
They can be read at high speed with fast response time
Speed and visibility


Disadvantage of RFID

High cost is spend for different software l
infrastructure, enterprise applications and
integration.
Lack of standardization
RFID attack privacy
RFID are forever part of product and designed
to respond when signal is received