X - Hydraulic Fluids Electronic Handout

2006 The Lubrizol Corporation
Hydraulic Fluids

08-12-04 HY100-001
Hydraulic Fluid Principles
Hydraulic Fluid Functions
Pressure and power transmission
Controlled flow
Minimize wear
Reduce friction
Provide coolingact as heat transfer medium
Prevent rust and corrosion
Keep system components free of deposits
Provide a viscous seal
HY102-002 06-26-06
Hydraulic Principles
Advantages of Fluid Power
Force transmitted in any direction
Force multiplication P=F/A
Continuously variable speed control
Easily reversible
Energy efficient

10-01-99 HY101-004
Hydraulic Principles
Disadvantages of Fluid Power
Contamination sensitive
Fluid leakage
Flammable (oil systems)
HY101-005
Hydraulic Fluid Requirements
Correct viscosity
Wear protection
Oxidative & thermal stability
Hydrolytic stability
Corrosion protection
Resistance to air entrainment and foaming
Demulsifies water
10-17-05 HY102-003
Hydraulic Fluid Market Trends
Fluid Trends
Changing Base Oils
Reserves of Performance
Filterability
Wear Protection When Wet
Air Release
Thermal Stability
Shear Stability
Systems

07-11-02 HY105-022
Fluid Trends
Longer Fluid Life
Improved Thermal Stability
Improved Filterability
Suitable for Both Industrial and Off-Highway Use
Meet Denison HF-0
Meet Vickers M-2950-S
Meet DIN International Requirements
Meets Cincinnati Milacron
Environmental/Toxicological Concerns
Low Zinc
Ashless (No Zinc)
Phenol Free
Improved FZG Performance
HY105-012
Optimizing Additive Chemistry and Base Oils
to Meet Application Needs
07-08-03 HY105-024
Better Resistance
to Oxidation
Improved Air
Release Properties
Good Antifoam
Characteristics
Improved Thermal
Stability
Extended Rust
Performance
More Reserves of
Antiwear/EP
Smaller systems
Reduced cycle times
Higher temperatures
Higher pressures
Long life
Water tolerance
Base oil flexibility
Improve Fluid Life under Increasingly Stressful Conditions
Industrial Fluid Types Fluid Power Systems
Hydraulic oils
Antiwear hydraulic
R&O hydraulic
Environmentally friendly (EFL) hydraulic
Rust and oxidation (R&O) oils
Turbine oils
Circulating oils
Bearing oils
Compressor oils
Fire resistant fluids
High water base oil in water or chemical emulsions
Invert (water in oil) emulsions
Water glycol solutions
Synthetic (phosphate ester, polyol ester)
Others
Paper machine oils

03-01-06 HY105-003
Types of Fluids
HY102-029 10-19-01
Mineral Oil Based Synthetic Based Water Based Vegetable Oil Based Water
Rust & Oxidation
(R&O)
Antiwear (AW)
Synthetic
Hydrocarbons
Polysiloxanes Phosphate Esters Ethers Esters Halogenated Compounds
Polyglycol Water Glycol Synthetic Solution Emulsion
Soy Bean Rapeseed Sunflower
Water-in-Oil (Invert) Oil-in-Water (Soluble Oil)
Regular Micro Emulsion
Silicones Silicate Esters Silanes
Polyethers Arylethers
Flouroesters
Fluorinated Compounds
Mixed Halogen
Compounds
Fluorocarbons Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Zinc-based
Ashless
Hydraulic Fluid Specifications
Fluid Types
Oil Based (92% of market)
HH refined mineral oil
HL contains rust and oxidation inhibitors
HM contains rust, oxidation & antiwear additives (HLP)
HV HM type with viscosity modifier (multigrade)
HS synthetic base but with no fire resistance
Fire Resistant (6% of market)
HFA 95/5 soluble oil or micro-emulsion
HFB Invert emulsion (water in oil)
HFC Water glycol
HFD Phosphate ester
Environmentally Acceptable (2% of market)
HE Biodegradable esters and vegetable base oils
07-06-06 HY107-007
Factors Influencing Additive Selection
Performance
Compatibility
No Adverse Reactions
Color
Odor
Ecology
Economics
HY102-033
06-26-06
Factors Influencing Additive Selection
Better oxidation stability
Higher natural viscosity
index
Much better low
temperature
performance
Lower volatility

HY102-035
06-26-06
13608
11760
10800
2700
0

2
0
0
0

4
0
0
0

6
0
0
0

8
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0

1
2
0
0
0

1
4
0
0
0

1
6
0
0
0

Far Eastern
Hydroprocess
N American
Hydroprocess
European
Hydroprocess
Solvent Refined
D943 Oxidation Zinc fluid
Increased Pressure/Temperature
Transient temperatures of 130C can be seen
Sludge and/or varnish can be a problem
Blockage of fine filters is seen with lower quality fluids
Cincinnati Lamb test is the industry standard for
thermal stability
03-01-06 HY105-020
Hydraulic Products
Specification Pyramid
05-18-06 HY107-044
DIN 51524, Part 2
Basic Good antiwear
HF-0
Hydraulics Performance
Standard
Top Tier
HF-0 +
Enhanced
Performance
Thermal stability
AO protection
Hydrolytic stability
Superior rust protection
Excellent antiwear
Good filterability
Good air release

Hydraulic Fluid Fundamentals
Formulation
08-02-04 HY111-001
Hydraulic Fluid Formulation
Typical Package Constituents
06-26-06 HY111-009
Antioxidant
Metal Passivator
Rust Inhibitor
EP
Antifoam
Demulisfier
Antiwear
Additive Formulation
06-26-06 HY111-008
Additive R&O AWH Invert Emulsion
Antioxidant X X X
Antirust X X X
Antiwear agent - X X
Detergent - ? X
Dispersant - ? X
Viscosity improver - ? -
Foam inhibitor ? ? X
Pour depressant ? ? -
Demulsifier ? ? -
Metal deactivator ? ? -
Chemically Inactive Additives
Viscosity modifiers
Polyacrylates
Polymethacrylates
Polyisobutylenes
Olefin copolymers
Pour point depressants
Similar to VI modifiers
But lower molecular
weight
10-05-98 HY111-003
Foam inhibitors
Polysiloxanes
Acrylate type polymers
Demulsifiers
Polyethylene glycols
Trialkylphosphates
Alkylamines
Carboxy acids
Chemically Active Additives
Extreme pressure agents
Sulfurized olefins
Sulfurized fats
Chlorinated paraffins
ZnDTP
Lead soaps
Friction modifiers
Fatty amines
Fatty acids
Paraffin waxes
Oxidation inhibitors
Hindered phenols
Aryl amines
Thiophosphate esters
10-05-98 HY111-004
Rust inhibitors
Barium and calcium
sulfonates
Fatty amines
Phosphoric acid esters
Alkenyl succinic acid
Metal passivators
Triazoles
Dithiophosphates
Dithiocarbamates
Base Fluids
Mineral oils
Synthetic fluids
Polyol esters
Diesters
Silicones
Synthetic hydrocarbons

10-05-98 HY111-005
Hydraulic Fluid Market Data
Percent of Market Share by Type
05-01-01 HY106-007
0
20
40
60
80
100
Mineral Oil Invert
Emulsion
Water
Glycol
Phosphate
Ester
Synthetic
Blends
Mineral Oils
Paraffinic
Advantages
Low cost
Readily available
Easily formulated
Disadvantages
Lead to hard deposits
Flammable
12-03-98 HY111-006
Naphthenic
Advantages
Low cost
Readily available
Easily formulated
Disadvantages
Does not meet VI
requirements of most
specifications
Flammable
Environmental concern
Synthetic Fluids
Advantages
Low volatility
Cleaner discharge valves
High flash points
Good oxidation resistance
Lower labor costs
Extended service life
10-05-98 HY111-007
Disadvantages
High cost (5 to 10 times of
mineral oils)
Incompatibility with seals,
paints and packings
commonly used with mineral
systems
Contamination with mineral
oils
Disposal costs increased
Viscosity Modifiers for Hydraulic Applications
Polymethacrylates (PMA) offer optimum properties
Best efficiency to obtain high VI lift
Optimised shear stability for hydraulic equipment
Temporary shear
Permanent Shear
Excellent low temperature properties
can have in-built pour point depressant
Good demulsibility and filterability properties
07-06-06
Viscosity Modifiers for Hydraulic Applications
Caution
There is currently a high level of OEM concern
over the quality of HV fluids available in the market
Filter blocking in Denison Hybrid test
Shear concerns from the field
Selection of the correct polymer for the application is
critical
07-06-06
Hydraulic Fluid Fundamentals
Issues
08-02-04 HY111-001
Cleanliness and Filtration
Fluid cleanliness is critical to system operation
Filters have become finer and more efficient
Filterability tests are regularly required
AFNOR
Denison
It is essential for modern oils to pass these tests
Dry and wet

06-14-05 HY105-021
Hydraulic Seals
Seal Material
Nitrile (Buna-N)
Most compatible with petroleum oils
Wide operating temperature range (-40C to 125C)
Good to moderate overall performance
Inexpensive
Swells in some synthetic fluids
Plastics, Fluoro Plastic, Fluoro-Elastomers (Viton, Teflon, Kel-F, Nylon)
Exceptional high temperature performance (to 260C)
Compatible with most fluids
Silicone
Very wide operating temperature range (-60C to 260C)7
Compatible with most fluids. Choice of five resistant fluids.
Not good for reciprocating seals
Tend to absorb oil at high temperature, causing swelling
Chloroprene (Neoprene)
Tough material
Used for petroleum fluids

05-19-99 HY104-004
Hydraulic Seals
Tests Used to Evaluate
ASTM D 471
Volume change
ASTM D 2240
Durometer (hardness) change
ASTM D 412
Tensile strength and elongation
05-19-99 HY104-007
Wear Protection When Wet
Contamination with water often happens
Water can influence the performance of the fluid
Corrosion
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
New pump tests have been introduced with 1% water
Denison T6C
Denison T6H20CB20
07-11-02 HY105-030
Shear Stability
Longer life fluids in mobile hydraulics require a wider
operating temperature range
Viscosity modifiers and pour point depressants will be
required
Hydraulic fluid shearing
Pressure drop across an orifice
Mechanical action in high shear area
Result: cavitation and pump damage
07-11-02 HY105-031
Air Release
Due to smaller hydraulic systems, base oil air release
properties have become important
Systems lose control of precision when air
contaminates the oil
At moderate pressures, e.g. 2000 psi, pumps cavitate
The air release of the base oil impacted by refining
process
Antifoam can negatively impact air release
07-08-03 HY105-032
Cavitation Damage
10-17-05 HY105-033
Hydraulic Fluid Testing Concepts
Water Causes
Rust (in combination with oxygen)
Fatigue life deterioration of components
Increase in oxidation rate
Emulsions and sludge
06-27-97 HY112-010
Hydraulic Fluid Testing Concepts
Results of Oxidation
Fluid degradation
Formation of
Acids
Sludges
Gums
Resins
Varnish
06-27-97 HY112-011
Effect of Water and Metal Particles on Oil Oxidation
HY102-023
Catalyst Water Hours Tan
None No 3500+ 0
None Yes 3500+ +0.73
Iron No 3500+ +0.48
Iron Yes 400 +7.93
Copper No 3000 +0.72
Copper Yes 100 +11.03
06-28-01

Denison
Vane Pump

(Anti-Wear)
Denison
Piston Pump

(Thermal Stability)
Hydraulic Fluids
A Tough World for Hydraulic Oils
Smaller hydraulic system + odd reservoir shapes
Less time to shed air & water
Cavitation, oxidation, degraded hydraulic operation
Additive hydrolysis, acid & sludge formation
Higher pressure + smaller reservoir = higher oil temp
Transient temperatures of >130 C
More oxidation fluid lifetimes under threat
More sludge leads to valve stick & filter blockage
Increased vane pump severity needs extra antiwear
Caution over higher temp yellow metal protection
Additive selection and base oil quality becomes more critical
06-27-97
Hydraulic Fluids
Increased Cleanliness & Filterability
Maximize equipment availability and oil life
More use of proportional/servo valves
New Denison T7 vane pump
Cleaner fluid delivery + more efficient filtration in service
Frictional properties are important
Hydraulic power for wet brakes and steering
Japanese JCMAS HK SAE No. 2/Microclutch
Noise legislation Directive 2003/10/EC
80 dB(A) by 2006
Add system insulation or redesign pump?
06-27-97
Hydraulic Fluids
Less Oil + More Work = Increased Fluid Stress
Additives are consumed at a greater rate in providing
system protection
Additive quality and careful formulating are more
critical today if performance retention is to be
achieved
Formulating to just meet specification might not work
in the future
Able to lower an End Users operating cost through
formulating
Opportunities exist to differentiate & build competitive
advantage
06-27-97

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2006 The Lubrizol Corporation

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