GLOBALIZATION

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What is Globalization?
According to Held and McGrew, globalization denotes
the expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up
and deepening impact of transcontinental flows and
patters of social interaction.

It is a shift in the scale of human organization that
links distant communities and expands the reach of
power relations across world regions and continents.
What is Globalization?
Giddens defines globalization as the intensification of
world wide social relations which link distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice versa.
"The concept of globalisation refers both to the compression of
the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world
as a whole" - Benedikt Kiesenhofer
According to Roland Robertson, globalization at the cultural level began
due to

compression of the world
- interdependencies, i.e. ones experience in one part of the
world having immediate consequences for people on the other
side of the globe

global consciousness
- a unified discourse through mass communication involving
issues concerning economics, security, international relations,
among other things on an international level
Social geographer David Harvey describes a process called time-space
compression. Organization of space and time, he argues, are both sources
of value and power.

organization of space
- refers to a common judgment that there are such places or
spaces where certain behaviors and practices are generally
expected and this is how social relations can also be formed.

organization of time
- refers to how time is managed in capitalist enterprise, whether
its the amount of time it takes to produce a certain product or
the value of money increasing over time (interest).
4 Aspects of Globalization
Cultural Aspect
Cultural Imperialism
Multiculturalism
Global brands as common reference to consumers worldwide
Dominance of the English language
International travel and tourism

Technological Aspect
Revolutionary changes particularly in transport and communications
Desktop PC
Internet
Goodbye telephone , Hello Smartphone

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Economic Aspect
Trade where individuals gain greater access to a surplus of goods and
services
Investment where multinational companies directly invest their
assets in a foreign country, or by indirect investment where
individuals and institutions purchase and sell financial assets of other
countries
Migration that allows individuals from a specific country to find
employment in jurisdictions with labor shortages.
Political Aspect
Governments creation of international rules and institutions to
deal with issues such as trade, human rights, and the
environment.
United Nations (UN)
World Trade Organization
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Technoscape
Ethnoscape
- This refers to the movement of technology around the
world, it may be for various reasons such as development,
business or environmentalism but the distribution is on an
international scale.
- This refers to the movements of people; i.e. migration
from one part of the world to another for various reasons
including business, immigration, tourism, etc.
Ideoscape
Mediascape
- The global distribution of media images and
information including news and advertising over
radio, television, print, and the internet.
- This refers to how ideas and political ideologies are
spread across the world. Examples are Doctors
Without Borders, and Greenpeace: organizations
that hold certain values and ideas that are being
spread world wide.
Finanscape
- The world wide flow of money, be it through the stock
exchange, commodity markets, the online markets, etc.
The Global Village
- Appadurai described this concept as the closer contact
between people different parts of the world. Such
interaction would ideally cause more personal exchange,
mutual understanding, and foster global friendship
thus creating a global civilization.
Proponents of Globalization
Neoliberalism
Neoliberals view globalization as a matter of individual freedom and initiative
that includes the extension of the market to more areas of life. From the
creation of a state unburdened by excessive intervention in the economy and
social life, to the restriction of power of certain groups; globaliztion serves as
the embodiement of a new world order encouraging individuals to exercise
freedom and prosperity not impeded by bureaucracy and the state .

Global governance is conducted, primarily, through disciplines of the world
market combined with minimal forms of international governance designed
to promote global economic integration through dismantling of barriers to
commerce and investment (Held & McGrew, 2002).

Liberal Internationalism
Concerned with the growing interdependence that generates favorable,
conditions for international cooperation, democracy that establishes a
foundation for international peace, and global institutions that create laws to
regulate international interdependencies, all of which are present through
globalization.

Global governance, to them, is viewed as a set of pluralistic
arrangements between different sectors and states that combined to regulate
and/or govern aspects of global affair (Held & McGrew, 2002).
Institutional Reforms
A view which focuses on the management of the social, economic and
political dislocation arising from contemporary processes of globalization, by
which, can be best handle through collaborative ethos built on the principles of
transparency, consultation and accountability (Held & McGrew, 2002).

Reforms must be done through the strengthening of the role of the
state and the civil society to enhance the scope for collective action, and reform
of governance, both from the local to the global level (Held & McGrew, 2002).

Some Critiques of Globalization
Internalisation of the State (Cox, 1981)

- Robert Cox described this as the state becoming a
vehicle for transmitting the global market discipline to
the domestic economy. (Hoogvelt, 1997)

- This is reminiscent of such claims that the Western
powerhouses are aiming to create a New World Order,
and though such conspiracy theories seem irrational,
the Westernization that clearly does happen in the
global economy and even culturally is an existing
problem.
Global Transformation
Global transformers argues that there is nothing inevitable or fixed
about the current form of globalization and the main issue here is the core
organizational principles and institutions where there is a huge inequality in
the distribution of power, opportunity, and life chances (Held & McGrew,
2002).

They also argue on the need of new modes of administering and
implementing international agreements and international law, including an
enhanced capacity for peacekeeping and peace-making (Held & McGrew,
2002).


Statists/Protectionists
Their priority lies into building a competent state capacity: deepening
the state where it already exists in the developed world and nurturing the state
where it is urgently most needed; and the protection of distinctive culture,
tradition, language, and religion that binds the people together (Held &
McGrew, 2002).

Global governance, in their view, is primarily Western project, the main
objects of which is to sustain the primacy of the West in world affairs. (Held &
McGrew, 2002)

Some Critiques of Globalization
Radicalism (Held & McGrew, 2002)

- Collectivist movements that are generally anti-
globalization criticize the authority of states and
international agencies, and see globalization as a
precursor to global ecological, economic, and security
crises.

- Radicals also consider global governance (particular
examples being EU or UN) provide a convenient
political shell for the exercise of US global dominance
(Held & McGrew, 2002), once again criticizing the
apparent Americanization of the world.
References
Held, D. McGrew, A. (2002). Globalization/Anti-
Globalization. Malden: Polity Press.
Globalization. Retrieved from
http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/globalization.html