Seminar On

Power System
Contingencies


Power System
Power System voltage control has a hierarchy structure with three
levels: the primary, secondary, and the tertiary voltage control.
Over the past 20 yrs, one of the most successful measures
proposed to improve Power System voltage regulation has been
the application of secondary voltage control, initiated by the
French Electricity Company.
Important Of Features
Power System
Flickers
Harmonics
Interruption
Long Lines
Long Cables
Loop Flow
Reactive Power
Sags & Swells
Unbalanced Load
Voltage Instability

Flickers
A fluctuation in system voltage that can
lead to noticeable changes in light
output.

Voltage Flicker can either be a periodic
or non-periodic fluctuation in voltage
magnitude i.e. the fluctuation may
occur continuously at regular intervals
or only on occasions.
How To Reduce Flickers
Installation of a MiniCap to reduce flicker during large motor
starting .

Minicap is nothing but the Installation of a series capacitor in
the feeder strengthens the network .




Benefits

Reduced voltage fluctuations (flicker)

Improved voltage profile along the line

Easier starting of large motors

Self-regulation
Harmonics
Harmonics are associated with steady-state
waveform distortion of currents and voltages.

Harmonics are components that make up a
waveform where each component has a
frequency that is an integral multiple of the
fundamental frequency. The term Harmonic is
normally applied to waveform components that
have frequencies other than the fundamental
frequency. For a 50 Hz or 60Hz system the
fundamental frequency is 50HZ or 60Hz. A
waveform that contains any components other
than the fundamental frequency is non-
sinusoidal and considered to be distorted.
How To Reduce Harmonics

Installing filters near the harmonic
sources can effectively reduce
harmonics.
Benefits

Eliminates harmonics.
Improved Power Factor.
Reduced Transmission Losses.
Increased Transmission Capability.
Improved Voltage Control.
Improved Power Quality.

Interruptions
Occur when the supply voltage drops below 10% of the nominal
value.
An interruption is usually caused by downstream faults that are
cleared by breakers or fuses. A sustained interruption is caused
by upstream breaker or fuse operation. Upstream breakers may
operate due to short-circuits, overloads, and loss of stability on
the bulk power system.
Long Lines
Long lines need special consideration in the
planning of a power system.







For long AC lines one must consider i.e. the
reactive power compensation, the transient
stability and switching over voltages and how
many intermediate substations one needs.
Area of application:-Expressway
for power
A HVDC transmission line costs less than
an AC line for the same transmission
capacity.
Benefits

Lower investment cost

Lower losses

Lower right-of-way requirement for DC lines than for AC lines

HVDC does not contribute to the short circuit current

Long cables
Basically Long cables are of two types

Submarine Cables

Under Ground Cables

Submarine Cables
Application
Submarine Cables are used for long distance water crossing.
Benefits

Lower investment cost

Lower losses

Loop flow
Unscheduled power flow on a given transmission path in an
interconnected electrical system.

Unscheduled power flows on transmission lines or facilities may
result in a violation of reliability criteria and decrease available
transfer capability between neighbouring control areas or utility
systems.


Area of application:

Interconnected power systems
Benefits

HVDC can be controlled to transmit contracted
amounts of power and alleviate unwanted loop
flows.

An HVDC link can alternatively be controlled to
minimize total network losses

An HVDC link can never be overloaded
Reactive Power Factor

Reactive power is defined as the product of the r.m.s. voltage,
current, and the sine of the difference in phase angle between the
two.

To maintain efficient transmission and distribution, it is necessary
to improve the reactive power factor.
How to Improve power factor
The use of the MiniCap on a distribution
feeder provides self-regulated reactive power
for improved power factor at the utility
source.



Benefits

Increased power factor at the utility source.

Easier starting of large motors .

Improved voltage regulation and reactive power
balance.

Self-regulation Improved power factor, Reduced
transmission losses, Increased transmission
capability.

Improved voltage control, Improved power quality,
Eliminates harmonics S.
Sags & Swells
Short duration decrease/increase (sag/swell) in
supply voltage.

Voltage sags are one of the most commonly
occurring power quality problems. They are
usually generated inside a facility but may also
be a result of a momentary voltage drop in the
distribution supply.

Electronic equipment is usually the main victim
of sags, as they do not contain sufficient internal
energy to ride through the disturbance.
Voltage Instability
Post-disturbance excursions of voltages at some buses in the
power system out of the steady operation region.

Voltage instability is basically caused by an unavailability of
reactive power support in an area of the network, where the
voltage drops uncontrollably.

Unbalanced Load
A load which does not draw balanced current from a balanced
three-phases supply.

A single-phase load, since it does not draw a balanced three-
phase current, will create unequal voltage drops across the
series impedances of the delivery system.
Area of application:-Railway
Feeder connected to the Public
Grid
Modern electric rail system is a major source
of unbalanced loads.
STATCOM can elegantly be used to restore
voltage and current balance in the grid, and
to mitigate voltage fluctuations generated by
the traction loads.
Benefits
Voltage Balancing
Harmonic Filtering
Power Factor Correction
Other applications:
Power Quality Improvement, Flicker Mitigation
Grid Voltage Support

Summary
The new electricity supply industry presents increasing
challenges for stable and secure operation of power systems.

State-of-the-art methods and tools have advanced our
capabilities significantly facing the challenges-

comprehensive stability analysis tools

coordinated design of robust stability controls

on-line dynamic security assessment

Industry yet to take full advantage of these developments!

Need to review and improve

The reliability criteria.
Thank You ..!