Grammar: The Basics

This or That ?
Which image do you see?

A vase or two faces? A young girl’s face or an old

woman’s face?
Sentences Construction

Objective
 Understand the difference between SVO / SOV

 Use the rule effectively for Sentence construction

Sentence Structure

 Subject +Verb+Object

I + eat + food

 Subject +Object +Verb

I + food + eat
Gamer Grammar

Objective
 Identify the commonly made mistakes while

speaking in English

 To increase fluency in English

Building Blocks

un
Prono
ct ion
In t er j e Noun

of
Parts
cti o n ch Verb
Con j un Spee

s i t io n d j e ctive
Prep o A
rb
Adve
Parts Of Speech

Noun
 Noun: is a word used as the name, animal,
place, or thing.

 Person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary

 Place: home, office, town, countryside
 Animal: dog, cat, horse, monkey
 Thing: book, pen, room, tree
Parts Of Speech

Noun

Types Of Nouns
 Common Noun
 Proper Noun
 Collective Noun
 Abstract Noun
 Countable / Uncountable Nouns
Parts Of Speech

Noun

 Common Noun
Is a name given in common to
every person or thing of the
same class or kind.
E.g.
City, man, boat, and radio
Parts Of Speech

Noun

 Proper Noun
Name of a specific person, place
or thing.

E.g.
Eiffel Tower, India,
Mr. Will Smith, Nokia
Parts Of Speech

Noun
 Collective Noun
Name of a number ( or collection) of
persons or things taken together and
spoken of as a whole.

E.g.
 A Crowd -a collection of people
 An Army - collection of soldiers
Parts Of Speech

Noun
 Abstract Noun
Is usually the name of a quality, action, or
state.

E.g.
 Quality - kindness, darkness, honesty
 Action - laughter, theft
 State - sleep, sickness
Parts Of Speech

Noun

 Countable Noun
(or countables) are the names of objects, people,
etc. that we can count.

E.g. book, pen, apple, boy

 Uncountable noun
(or uncountables) are the names of things which
cannot count.

E.g. milk, sugar, gold, oil

Parts Of Speech

Noun

 Lisa works as a programmer at

Microsoft.

Mc Donalds
 Let's have lunch at McDonalds. Mc Donalds
Parts Of Speech

Noun

 The sun sheds it’s beams on rich and

poor alike.
 Edward was a great king.
 The rose smells sweet.
 A flock of sheep is passing by.
 George was a brave soldier.
Name, Place, Animal, Thing

 Fun time
 Lets play Name, Place, Animal, Thing with a difference
Proper Noun Common Collective Abstract
Noun Noun Noun

Peter Postman Poultry Prayer

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

 Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.

E.g.
 Tim is absent, because he is ill.
 This book is mine.
 It is doubtful whether he will come for the party.
 Bob is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Alice.
Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

E.g.
 Do you think Mary is pretty? I think Mary is
beautiful.

With pronouns, we can say:

 Do you think Mary is pretty? I think she is

beautiful.
Parts Of Speech

Pronoun
 Personal Pronoun:
I, we, you, he, (she, it), are called Personal Pronouns
because they stand for three persons.

E.g.
 The person speaking –This is my book
 The person spoken to – Those are your books
 The person spoken of- That is her book
Parts Of Speech
Anybody
Pronoun
Each
 Indefinite Pronoun
Either
 Refers to noun that are indefinite.
None
E.g.
 One evening a beggar came to my door. Someone
 Somebody stole the mangoes.
One

Few
Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

 Relative Pronoun- such as that, who, This, That

which, whose and whom which give extra
information about the subject. These, Those

E.g. Who, Whom

 The woman who interviewed me was very
Whose, Which
friendly.
 I can't stand dogs that bark loudly. What
Parts Of Speech

Pronoun
Myself
 Reflexive Pronoun Yourself
 Pronouns combined with –self or
–selves to emphasize the subject of Himself
the verb.
Ourselves
E.g.
Themselves
I hurt myself.
Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Person and Number Subjective Possessive Subjective

First Person Singular I Mine Me

First Person Plural We Ours Us

Second Person Singular You Yours You

Second Person Plural You Yours You

Third Person Singular He / she / it His / hers / its Him / her / it

Third Person Plural They Theirs They

Lie detector

I love
 Lets have some fun scuba
diving
I am born in
New York

I love
Chinese
Food
Parts Of Speech

Adjectives

 An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun, pronoun or

another adjective. An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun.
Adjectives can be used before a noun or after certain verbs. We
can often use two or more adjectives together.
E.g.
 A big car
 I like Chinese food
 It is a tough decision
 A beautiful young French lady
Parts Of Speech

Adjectives

Adjective Patterns:
 Adjectives can come before noun: a new car
 Adjectives can come after verbs: such as be, become,
seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
 They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
Name Chain  Fun Time

Hi! I’m Hi! This is Hi! That’s Witty

Witty my friend William, this is
William Witty William Energetic
And I am Esther and I am
Energetic Helpful Henry
Esther
Parts Of Speech

Verb

Verb: is a word that tells

something about a
person or thing.
E.g.
 The sun shines brightly.
 Harry laughs.
Parts Of Speech

Verb

Types of Verbs
 Auxiliary Verbs
 Regular Verbs
 Irregular Verbs
 Modal Verbs
Parts Of Speech

Verb
 Auxiliary Verb: ‘To Do’, ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ are the English
auxiliary verbs / helping verbs used in a negative
structure, a question or to show tenses.

 Modal Verb: Modal verbs are used to express ideas

such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.
E.g.
Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should
Parts Of Speech

Verb
 Regular Verb: A regular verb is one that follows the
pattern of taking -ed for the past simple and past
participles.

E.g. walk / walked / walked

 Irregular Verb: An irregular verb is one that does not
take the -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past
Simple forms. Some verbs do not change.
 Parts Of Speech

Verb
Types of Verbs
 Irregular Verbs
Base Form Past Tense Past Participle

Shut Shut Shut

Read Read Read
Sit Sat Sat
Build Built Built
Know Knew Known
See Saw Seen
Parts Of Speech

Verb

Characteristics of Verbs
 Verbs usually come after the subject of the sentence.
E.g. Chris paints well.

 Verbs must agree in person (first, second, etc.) and

number (singular and plural) with the subject of the
sentence.
E.g. She sings sweetly.
They sing sweetly.
 Parts Of Speech

Adverb

 Adverb - An adverb is a word that tells us

more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or
"modifies" a verb. But adverbs can also
modify adjectives, or even other adverbs.
E.g.
 The man ran quickly.
 Tara is really beautiful.
 The Cell phone works very well.
Parts Of Speech

Adverb

Characteristics of Adverb
1. Function
The main job of an adverb is to modify (give more
information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)
(In the following examples, the adverb is in red and the word that it modifies is in purple.)
Parts Of Speech

Adverb

2. Form
 Many adverbs end in -ly.
E.g. quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly.
 But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs.
E.g. "Friendly", is an adjective.
 Some adverbs have no particular form.
E.g. well, fast, very, never, always, often, still
Parts Of Speech

Adverb
3. Position
Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:
 Front (before the subject):
- Now we will study adverbs.

 Middle (between the subject and the main verb):

- We often study adverbs.

 End (after the verb or object):

Dumbverb
 Lets have some fun
 Enact the given adverbs while the class guesses the
same.
E.g.
Harry and Sally dance gracefully.
Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

 Prepositions: are words that we can use to

indicate time, place and space.

PREPOSITIONS

Period/Point of Time Position Direction

During In, Under, Over, Beside, Towards
Throughout Between, Opposite, Past
At Among, Between Around
Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

Commonly used Prepositions

Aboard About Above Across After
Against Along Among Around At
Before Behind Below Beneath Beside
Between Beyond By Down During
Except For From Into Like
Of On Over Since To
Within In Up Over Off
Towards Under Until Upon With
Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

 We went to school on Monday.

 My plane stopped at Washington and New

Jersey and arrived in New York two hours
late.
Lord of the Ad world

Fun Time
Identify slogans with Prepositions in them
E.g.
Lets go in an ALTO – Maruti

h er
fi s
ng
Ki
King of good times - Kingfisher
Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions F – For

 Coordinating Conjunctions - A – And

are used to join two parts of a sentence
N – Nor
that are grammatically equal. The two
parts may be single words or clauses. B – But
E.g.
 Jack and Jill went up the hill.
O – Or

Y – Yet
 The water was warm but I didn't go
swimming. S - So
Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions
 Subordinating conjunctions - Since, Because,
A word or words used to If, After, Until,
connect unequal parts of a
Although, Before,
sentence.

E.g. As Though, Though,

I went swimming, although it was When, Unless

cold.
As
Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions Both-and

 Correlative Conjunctions – Either-or

A pair of conjunctions used to show a
Neither-nor
comparison. (They are also known as
paired conjunctions) Since-therefore

E.g. If-then
Not only is she rich, but also intelligent.
Not only-but also
Conjingle  Fun time

So
For

But
Nor
And

Also
 Alas
!
Parts Of Speech

Interjection

 Interjection: is a big name for a little word. Interjections

are short exclamations like Hello!, Bravo!, Alas! or Ah!
They have no real grammatical value but we use them
quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing.
When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they
have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An
interjection is followed by an exclamation mark (!) when
written.
 Hi !
What's new?
Parts Of Speech

Interjection
E.g.
 "Hey ! look at that!"
(calling attention )
 "Hi ! What's new?"
(expressing greeting )
Well !
 "Well ! what did he say?" what did he
say?
(introducing a remark )
Subjects and Verbs

Objective

 Identify the correct usage of Subject and Verb in a

sentence

 Identify the correct usage of Subjects and Verbs while

speaking in English
Subjects and Verbs

Verb: The part of speech that expresses action, or state

of being.

Subject: The part which names the person or thing we

are speaking about in a sentence.
Subjects and Verbs

Subject and Verb Agreement

The Verb agrees with the Subject in Number and

Person

E.g. Sam and Harry are friends.

Subjects and Verbs

Harry
Potter

 Harry Potter is an interesting

book.

 Every boy and girl is ready to

run for the marathon.
Articles

Objective

 Identify the mechanisms to use articles

appropriately.
Articles

 Articles: are Determiners.

 Types Of Articles

Indefinite – A / AN

Definite – THE
Articles

 Indefinite Article (A)

 A dog is a faithful animal.

 A man is known by the company he

keeps
Articles

 Indefinite Article (AN)

 An Apple

 An Honest Man
Articles

 Definite Article ( THE)

 Lets go to the Golf Club.

 The Solar System.

Articles

Lets have fun

Identify articles in the songs

(Clips to be added)
Tenses

Objective

 Identify the correct usage of Tense in a sentence

 Identify the correct usage of Tense while speaking in

English
Tenses

 The Tense of a verb shows the time of action or event.

 Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to

express time in language.
Tenses

 There are three main Tenses:

 Present Tense: a verb that refers to the present time.

E.g. I write a letter.

 Past Tense: a verb that refers to the past time.

E.g. I wrote a letter.

 Future Tense: a verb that refers to the future time. E.g.

I will write a letter.
Tenses
Simple Present
I study English everyday.
Present Continuous
IS / AM / ARE +
verb in ING
I am studying English now.
Present Perfect
HAS / HAVE + P.P
I have studied English in several
different countries.
Present Perfect Continuous
HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb
in ING
I have been studying English for
five years.
Simple Past
Two years ago, I studied English
in England.
Past Continuous
WAS / WERE + verb in ING
I was studying English when you
called yesterday.
Past Perfect
HAD + P.P.
I had studied a little English before
I moved to the U.S.
Past Perfect Continuous
HAD + BEEN + verb in ING
I had been studying English for five
years before I moved to the U.S.
Simple Future
I will be studying English next
year.
Future Continuous
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb
in ING
I will be studying English when
you arrive tonight.
Future Perfect
SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in
ING
I will be studying English when you
arrive tonight.
Future Perfect Continuous
SHALL / WILL + HAS / HAVE +
BEEN + verb in ING
I will have been studying English
for over two hours by the time you
arrive.
 Tense Tenses

 Fun Time
Group A write a story in the Present

Group B write a story in the Past

Group C write a story in the Future

Question Tags

Objective

 To aid formulating appropriate questions.

 To learn to convert ideas or sentences into questions.

Question Tags

 Question tags are a grammatical structure in which a

statement or idea is turned into a question by adding an
interrogative fragment
( tag ).

 Their pattern is ‘auxiliary + n’t + subject’, if the statement

is ‘positive’ and ‘auxiliary + subject’, if the statement is
‘negative’.
Question Tags

E.g.
Positive Sentence
 He has left already, hasn’t he?
 Andrew came to school yesterday, didn’t he?

Negative Sentence
 He doesn’t like tea, does he?
 John can’t speak English fluently, can he?
Question Tags  Lets have some fun

Peanut Madonna
Butter

New
York
Direct And Indirect Speech

Objective

 To understand the two ways of relating and quoting

what someone has said.
Direct And Indirect Speech

 In Direct Speech the original speaker’s exact words are

given and indicated by quotation marks (“ ”)
 E.g. “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.

 In Indirect Speech the exact meaning of the speaker’s

words are given, but the exact words are not directly
quoted.
 E.g. Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
Direct And Indirect Speech

Some pointers to convert Direct Speech into Indirect

Speech and vice – versa.

 If the main verb is in the past tense, the present tense

verbs in that sentence must be changed to past tense.
 First and second person pronouns must be changed to
third person pronouns.
Direct And Indirect Speech
Voice

 Objective

To create awareness that using the Passive Voice

sounds more objective.
Voice

Active Voice: The verb is active, when the subject

(agent) does the action (verb) to something (object).

E.g. The doctor wrote a prescription.

Passive Voice: The verb is passive,

when the subject takes the action upon itself.

E.g. The prescription was written by the doctor.

Voice
Creativity Unlimited

 Sell a refrigerator to an Eskimo

 News Time

Charles and Camilla's wedding day

Aftermath of 9/11 gets film focus

Joseph Ratzinger is the new Pope

Beckham family affairs are fair game for the public

Movie Time
Thank You